a. Graduate School of Business, School of Law, and School of Medicine -- three Senate seats to be filled at large.

b. School of Humanities and Sciences and School of Education -- three Senate seats to be filled at large.

c. School of Engineering and School of Earth Sciences -- four Senate seats to be filled at large.

d. Students in Graduate Special or non-departmental graduate degree programs shall be eligible to vote and seek election in the graduate district of their choice.

5. Each slate for the Presidency shall consist of two members of the Association. The slate shall specify a Chair upon submitting their declaration of intent.

6. Each slate for the Senior Class Presidents shall consist of four members of the Association who are also members of the Junior class.

a. For the purpose of this election, an individual shall be a member of the Junior Class if he/she is a currently registered undergraduate student who has received no less than 90 units nor more than 130 units recognized by Stanford by the end of the previous Autumn quarter, or if he/she is an undergraduate in his/her third year of enrollment. Units earned prior to high school graduation may be excluded from the total at the option of the individual.

b. Members of the Junior class who plan to attend a foreign study center during their senior year shall not be eligible for office.

c. All members of the Junior class shall be eligible to vote for Senior Class Presidents. The eligibility of members of the Association who desire to vote for Senior Class Presidents shall be subject to verification at the polls.

a. For the purpose of this election, an individual shall be a member of the Sophomore Class if he/she is a currently registered undergraduate student who has received no less than 45 units not more than 90 units recognized by Stanford by the end of the previous Autumn quarter, or if he/she is an undergraduate in his/her second year of enrollment. Units earned prior to high school graduation may be excluded from the total at the option of the individual.

b. Members of the Sophomore Class who run for these positions must be enrolled and present at the Stanford campus for the full three quarters of their term in office.

c. All members of the Sophomore class shall be eligible to vote for the Junior Class Presidents. The eligibility of members of the Association who desire to vote for Junior Class presidents shall be subject to verification at the polls.

a. For the purpose of the election, an individual shall be a member of the Freshman Class if he/she is a currently registered undergraduate student who has received no more than 45 units recognized by Stanford by the end of the previous Autumn quarter, or if he/she is an undergraduate in his/her first year of enrollment. Units earned prior to high school graduation may be excluded from the total at the option of the individual.

b. Members of the Freshman Class who run for these positions must be enrolled and present at the Stanford campus for the full three quarters of their term in office.

c. All members of the Freshman Class shall be eligible to vote for the Sophomore Class presidents. the eligibility of members of the Association who desire to vote for Sophomore Class Presidents shall be subject to verification at the polls.

a. For the purpose of the election, a student shall be considered a graduate student if he/she is currently registered as a graduate student.

b. Graduate students who shall be away from the university for at least one quarter during the following academic year shall be ineligible for office.

c. The Graduate Student Council shall be composed of two members from each Graduate Senate District.

d. Each graduate student is eligible to vote for two Graduate Student Council members from his/her respective district. The eligibility of graduate students who desire to vote for Graduate Student Council members shall be subject to verification at the polls.

C. Special Fee Requests

1. In order for its Special Fee request to be placed on the ballot, a student organization must qualify under one of the following provisions:

a. Voluntary Student Organizations: organizations which are intended to be (and actually are) primarily composed of student members, require no student to join, are recognized by the University and are either open to all students or open to only those students meeting certain criteria which are established and evaluated in an objective manner by the organization. In order to qualify under this provision, the ultimate constitutional, budgetary, and policy-making authority of the organization must be vested entirely in its student members.

b. Chartered Organizations: organizations which are intended to be (and actually are) primarily composed of student members, require no student to join, are recognized by the University and are either open to all students or open to only those students meeting certain criteria which are established and evaluated in an objective manner by the organization, but where the ultimate constitutional, budgetary, and policy-making authority are vested in a University office or committee or any body other than its student membership.

i. Such an organization shall have a Special Fee request placed on the ballot only with the express consent of the Senate. This consent shall take the form of a resolution certifying that, in the opinion of the Senate, the organization and its finances are in fact essentially under the control of students, and shall require for approval a two-thirds vote. At the time that this resolution is approved, the Senate may specify additional criteria under which the Special Fee request is placed on the ballot, which shall be as binding on the organization as is its detailed budget. Approval of this resolution shall only determine the organization's eligibility to receive a Special Fee, and shall be independent of, and in addition to, any action by the Senate actually placing the request on the ballot.

ii. In the event that the constitution, structure, finances, policies, or operations of such an organization is substantially modified, as defined by the Senate, so as to impair student control and/or prevent the Special Fee funds from being used for the purposes for which they were originally intended, the Senate may by a two-thirds vote pass a resolution halting the disbursement of Special Fee funds to that organization. Upon the approval of such a resolution, any and all Special Fee funds already disbursed to the organization shall revert to the Association and shall be placed in the Special Buffer Fund.

c. The Association and its agencies

2. An agency of the Association shall have its Special Fee request placed on the ballot only with the consent of the Senate. This consent shall only determine the organization's ability to seek a Special Fee, and shall be independent of, and in addition to, any action by the Senate actually placing the request on the ballot.

3. An agency of the Association requesting a Special Fee must be financially independent of the Association proper.

4. If a Special Fee request which has met all Elections Commission deadlines is left off the ballot, then the request may be funded from the Special Buffer Fund by a two-thirds majority of the Senate.

D. General Fee Issues

1. Any referendum must take the form of a bill or resolution and shall follow the form used by the Senate in the construction of bills and resolutions.

2. Any constitutional amendment must take the form of a bill and shall follow the form used by the Senate in the construction of bills.

3. All ballot measures must be divided by section. No section may be dependent upon another section of the ballot measure for its implementation.

Article IV: Elections

Section 4: Placement of Issues on the Ballot

A. General

1. Placement on the ballot shall refer to the qualification for election of the appropriate candidate or slate, or for approval of the appropriate Special Fee request or ballot measure. Appearance on the ballot shall refer to actual mention on the physical election ballot of the appropriate candidate, slate, Special Fee request, or ballot measure.

2. In borderline cases, the Elections Commissioner in consultation with the Hearings Officer shall allow election issues to proceed towards placement on the ballot.

3. A meeting shall be held the week prior to the beginning of campaigning, or, in the case of the Spring quarter general election, the first week of Spring quarter, to orient all candidates, slates, and sponsors to election practices. The time and place of the meeting shall be announced to all individuals who have filed declarations of intent and shall be publicized by at least two display ads in the Stanford Daily or flyer distributions through the Ad Agency the week of the meeting.

4. Any candidate, slate, or sponsor may withdraw from the election by submitting to the Commission, at least twenty-four hours prior to the opening of the polls, a written declaration of withdrawal. A list of all withdrawals shall be prominently posted at each polling site.

B. Declaration of Intent

1. The filing of a declaration of intent shall normally be the first step in seeking placement on the ballot.

2. The Commission shall approve a declaration of intent upon verification that all the requirements for placement on the ballot have been met.

3. A list of all candidates, slates, Special Fee requests, and ballot measures whose declarations of intent have been approved by the Commission shall be posted in the Commission office, and this information shall be made available to student publications in a timely manner.

4. No declarations of intent for the Spring quarter general election shall be accepted before the Monday four weeks prior to the beginning of Dead Week during Winter quarter.

5. No declarations of intent for the Spring quarter general elections shall be accepted later than 9:00 p.m. the day after the last day of the election.

6. The Commission shall, with the approval of the Senate, specify other deadlines for the filing of declarations of intent for all other elections.

7. No candidate or slate shall be elected to office, and no Special Fee request or ballot measure approved, unless the appropriate candidate, slate, or sponsor has filed an approved declaration of intent with the Commission.

C. Petitions

1. Form

a. A petition shall be divided into packets. Each packet shall consist of a series of informational pages and signature pages. All informational pages and all signature pages shall be securely bound before the circulation of that petition packet.

b. The informational pages shall contain the name of the appropriate candidate, slate (and the names of its members), or sponsor (and the organization requesting the Special Fee or the title of the ballot measure); their mailing address; their telephone number; and any additional information specified by the Constitution, these By-Laws, or the Special Charge of the Commission.

c. Any missing informational pages shall invalidate a packet.

d. The signature pages shall consist of a series of signatures, associated with the appropriate printed name and student identification number of each petitioner.

e. The top of at least one side of each signature page of a packet shall state the name of the proposed candidate (and the district which they are a candidate from, if appropriate), slate (and its members), sponsor of and organization making a Special Fee request (and the amount requested), or sponsor and title of the ballot measure, whichever is appropriate.

f. At the bottom of the first page of each packet the appropriate candidate, slate members, or sponsor, along with any member of the Association responsible for circulating the petition, shall attest that "the signatures obtained in this packet were obtained in accordance with the letter and spirit of the Campaign Practices Code, and, to the best of my knowledge, all petitioners are members of the Association and have signed this petition only once."

2. Prior Approval

a. Candidates, slates, and sponsors shall have the option of submitting a sample petition packet to the Commission for their approval as to form.

b. The Commission shall examine any sample petition packets thus submitted for their compliance with all relevant provisions of the Constitution, these By-Laws, and the Special Charge of the Commission within forty-eight hours of their submission (seventy-two hours if over a weekend), and shall either approve such petition packets as to form or shall state what modifications would be necessary in order to receive such approval. Any such approval, or any statement of necessary modifications, shall be made in writing. Before making such a determination, the Elections Commission shall seek the advice of the Appropriations Committee of the Senate and the Financial Manager concerning all Special Fee budgets which have not previously been approved by the Senate for placement on the ballot.

c. Any petition packets which have been approved by the Commission as to form, or which were modified before their circulation so as to meet the requirements specified by the Commission and subsequently resubmitted and given final approval in writing by the Commission, shall be deemed to have met all relevant specifications of the Constitution, these By-Laws, and the Special Charge of the Commission. No such petition packet shall be invalidated for failure to meet these specifications, even if such failure is subsequently discovered.

d. The Commission shall retain on file a copy of all petitions submitted or resubmitted for approval, and of all statements of necessary modifications.

3. Circulation

a. Only members of the Association may circulate a petition packet. The member of the Association circulating a packet must be easily and immediately available to answer questions from potential petitioners, and is responsible for ensuring that each petitioner signs the petition correctly and legibly.

b. No petitions shall be circulated before the first day on which declarations of intent for the relevant election may be filed.

c. The member of the Association circulating a petition packet, or the sponsor, candidate, or slate for whom the petition is being circulated, may strike the name of any petitioner. No printed names or student identification numbers may be added or amended except if provided by the petitioner, provided that no such additions or amendments shall be made after the deadline for filing petitions.

d. Any member of the Association may withdraw their name from a petition before its verification by notifying the appropriate candidate, slate, or sponsor, and by notifying the Commission.

e. No petition packets shall be circulated in any University class; in lecture halls, or libraries (excluding lobby areas); in the public computer terminal areas of any building; or in the laboratory areas of any buildings (except with the consent of the occupants).

f. Petition packets may be circulated at public events on the Stanford campus, provided that the member(s) of the Association circulating the petitions are available to answer any questions, and that the process of collecting signatures does not disrupt the planned event.

g. No petition packets shall be circulated in any manner which impedes the normal operations of the University.

h. The Commission shall have the authority to impose additional regulations governing the circulation of petitions only in extraordinary circumstances.

i. Circulation of petitions in violation of these rules shall be grounds for the invalidation of such petitions. The Commission shall use its discretion in determining whether or not to invalidate a petition when an act constituting grounds for disqualification has occurred.

j. For any petition which is believed to have been circulated in violation of these rules, the Commission shall determine whether or not to invalidate that petition. Notice of any such invalidation(s) shall then be posted in a public location announced in advance by the Commission. The Commission shall also make a reasonable effort to notify any candidate, slate, or sponsor whose petition was invalidated of that fact in a timely manner.

i. For the Spring quarter general election, this determination shall be made, and the required notice posted, no later than seven days after the final deadline for the submission of petitions.

ii. For special elections, this determination shall be made, and the required notice posted, by a deadline specified in the Special Charge of the Commission, or, failing that, in the Election Timetable to be presented by the Commission to the Senate.

k. No petition shall be invalidated by the Commission for violation of these rules unless an appropriate determination has been made, and the required notice posted, by the deadline specified.

4. Appeals

a. Any candidate, slate, or sponsor whose petition has been invalidated by the Commission for violation(s) of the rules governing petition circulation may appeal such a decision to the Hearings Committee.

b. Any candidate, slate, or sponsor wishing to appeal the invalidation of a petition shall file a written notice of appeal with the President no later than seventy-two hours after notice of the invalidation has been posted.

c. Once such an appeal has been filed, the Commission shall proceed with the verification of the contested petition, and shall take all actions required to protect the rights of the appealing candidate, slate or sponsor to appear in the Elections Handbook and on the ballot, pending resolution of the appeal. However, should the petitions be found invalid for reasons other than violation(s) of the rules governing petition circulation, the appeal shall be declared moot and no hearing need be held.

d. The President shall then notify the Chair of the Hearings Committee, who shall convene the Hearings Committee to hear the appeal. The relevant candidate, slate, or sponsor shall be given at least twenty-four hours advance notice of the time and place of the hearing.

e. At the hearing the appropriate candidate, slate, or sponsor may be in attendance. Otherwise all hearings shall be closed to the public, but an accurate transcript of all proceedings shall be kept by a secretary appointed for this purpose by the Hearings Committee.

f. At the hearing, the Elections Commissioner shall present the Commission's reasons for invalidating the petition, including the specific act(s) constituting violation(s) of the circulation rules alleged to have been committed and the reasons for believing they constitute grounds for invalidation.

g. At the hearing, the candidate, slate, or sponsor appealing may present whatever evidence desired to the Hearings Committee. All members of the Association shall cooperate with any reasonable request for information made by this candidate, slate, or sponsor.

h. Members of the Hearings Committee shall have the right to request any and all information they deem appropriate, including additional testimony, and all parties shall receive such information and have the right to challenge it.

i. At the conclusion of the hearing, the Hearings Committee shall meet and determine whether or not a violation of the Campaign Practices Code or of a ruling of the Hearings Officer which justifies invalidation of the petition has occurred. However, the Hearings Committee shall have the discretion to determine the applicability and enforceability of rulings of the Commission. Only the three voting members of the Committee shall be present at this meeting.

j. In making this determination, the Hearings Committee shall consider whether or not the alleged acts were in fact committed, whether or not they constitute a violation of the Campaign Practices Code or a ruling of the Hearings Officer, and whether or not they are sufficiently serious or affect a significant enough number of petition packets to justify invalidation.

k. Should the Hearings Committee determine that invalidation was not justified, then the appeal shall be granted and the appropriate candidate, slate, Special Fee request, or ballot measure shall appear in the Elections Handbook and on the ballot, provided that all other requirements for appearance on the ballot have been satisfied. If the invalidation is found to have been justified, then the appeal shall be rejected and appearance on the ballot shall not occur.

l. Should the Hearings Committee fail to conclude a hearing and make a determination as to whether to grant or reject an appeal in a timely fashion, responsibility for hearing the appeal shall devolve on the President. The President shall then be responsible for conducting a hearing and making a determination following the procedures outlined above.

i. For the Spring quarter general election, responsibility for hearing the appeal shall devolve on the President if the Hearings Committee has not granted or rejected the appeal by 5:00 p.m. on the first Thursday of Spring quarter.

ii. For special elections, responsibility for hearing the appeal shall devolve on the President if the Hearings Committee has not granted or rejected the appeal by a deadline specified in the Special Charge of the Commission, or failing that, in the Election Timetable presented by the Commission to the Senate.

m. Should both the Hearings Committee and the President fail to either accept or reject an appeal on a timely basis, then the appropriate candidate, slate, Special Fee request, or ballot measure shall appear on the ballot, and in the Elections Handbook, provided that all other requirements for appearance on the ballot have been satisfied.

i. For the Spring quarter general election, the deadline for either the Hearings Committee or the President to accept or reject the appeal shall be noon on the second Tuesday of Spring quarter.

ii. For special elections, the deadline for either the Hearings Committee or the President to accept or reject the appeal shall be specified in the Special Charge of the Commission, or, failing that, in the Election Timetable presented by the Commission to the Senate.

n. Any decision by a candidate, slate, or sponsor to expend funds on campaign expenses in anticipation of the granting of an appeal shall be at the risk of that candidate, slate, or sponsor.

5. Verification

a. The Commission shall verify all petitions as they are submitted, provided that an appropriate declaration of intent is on file.

b. All petition packets that do not meet the specifications detailed in the Constitution, these By-Laws, and the Special Charge of the Commission shall first be declared invalid. All other petition packets shall be declared valid. The Commission shall have the authority to waive any defects in the form of a petition, if in their opinion the defects were not so serious as to prevent members of the Association from making an informed decision as to whether or not to sign that petition.

c. The number of signatures submitted in support of the petition shall be the total number of signatures submitted in each valid petition packet, less any signatures not clearly associated with a printed name and student identification number.

d. Petitions supported by fewer than the number of signatures required shall be declared invalid; otherwise the signatures shall be verified.

e. Petitions of candidates and slates supported by no more that twenty-five signatures shall have all of the signatures verified. Petitions of candidates and slates supported by more than twenty-five signatures shall have a random sample of twenty-five signatures verified. Petitions for Special Fee requests and ballot measures shall have a random sample of fifty signatures verified.

f. Verification of a signature shall consist of looking up both the associated printed name and student identification number in a list of registered students prepared by the Registrar. If the exact student identification number is in the list and the printed name reasonably matches the corresponding name in the list, or the exact printed name is in the list and the student identification number reasonably matches the corresponding number in the list, and if the individual in question is a member of the appropriate district or class, then that signature shall be considered valid. Otherwise, it shall be considered invalid. An "exact match" of a name shall consist of a last name, and either a first name or a middle name which exactly match those found in the printed list.

g. In determining whether names or numbers "reasonably match", those verifying shall, within the limits of the relevant rules, err on the side of accepting a signature that seems to have been made in good faith by someone entitled to sign the petition. In particular, poor but legible handwriting, different word orders, and use of informal names shall not necessarily prevent names from "reasonably matching", and differences in up to two digits do not necessarily prevent student identification numbers from "reasonably matching". If the Registrar is in the process of changing student identification number format, either format shall be considered valid.

h. If the fraction of valid signatures in the sample, multiplied by the total number of signatures supporting the petition, exceeds the number of signatures required for that petition, then the petition shall be declared valid; otherwise the petition shall be declared invalid.

i. The Commission shall prepare a written report stating, for each petition submitted, the number of signatures submitted, the number of signatures verified, the number found to be invalid, and whether or not the petition as a whole was valid or invalid. For the Spring quarter general election, this report shall be transmitted to the President and the Senate Chair no later than the last day of Dead Week during Winter quarter.

6. Reverification

a. Any candidate, slate, or sponsor may request a reverification of a petition by filing a reverification request within seventy-two hours after the announcement by the Commission of the results of the initial verification of the petition.

b. All reverification requests shall contain the name of the requesting party, his/her local address and phone number, and either a $50 bond (for candidates and slates) or a $250 bond (for sponsors), to be placed on deposit with the Students' Organizations Fund.

c. A request shall be considered filed upon receipt by the Elections Commissioner of the request and by the Students' Organizations Fund of the bond.

d. The Commission shall then verify each signature submitted in support of the petition.

e. If there are fewer valid signatures in support of the petition than required, then the petition shall be declared invalid and the bond credited to the budget reserve of the Commission; otherwise the petition shall be declared valid and the bond refunded.

f. If on the basis of the reverification a petition is declared valid, when it was initially declared invalid, or if a petition is declared invalid when it was initially declared valid, then the bond shall be refunded by the Students' Organizations Fund; otherwise the bond shall be forfeit, and shall be credited to the budget reserve of the Commission.

7. All petitions shall be kept for three months, after which time they shall be destroyed. However, one or more sample copies of the information pages for each petition submitted for a Special Fee request or ballot measure shall be retained as a permanent record.

D. Officers

1. Any member of the Association declaring intent to seek a Senate seat in the undergraduate district, and requesting to appear in the Elections Handbook and on the ballot, must submit to the Commission a petition of at least fifty undergraduate members of the Association.

2. Any members of the Association declaring intent to run for the Presidency, and requesting to appear in the Elections Handbook and on the ballot, must submit to the Commission a petition of at least two hundred members of the Association.

3. Any member of the Association declaring intent to become a member of the Student Conduct Legislative Council, and requesting to appear in the Elections Handbook and on the ballot, must submit to the Commission a petition of at least ten members of the Association.

4. Any members of the Junior Class declaring intent to become the Senior Class Presidents, and requesting to appear in the Elections Handbook and on the ballot, must submit to the Commission a petition of at least eighty members of the Association who are also member of the Junior Class.

E. Special Fee Requests

1. Any student organization seeking a Special Fee may submit a petition of members of the Association to the Commission. The information pages in each petition packet shall contain the detailed budget for the organization submitted for the following fiscal year, the original detailed budget for the current fiscal year, the most recently modified budget for the current fiscal year, an accounting of the expenses of the current fiscal year to date, and an estimate of the expenses for the remainder of the current fiscal year.

2. A detailed budget shall be a line item estimate of all planned expenditures and expected revenues, and their particular sources, to be generated by activities of the student organization during a fiscal year. This budget must contain line items for gross fee assessment income and fee assessment refunds, the latter to be a percentage of the former, this percentage being referred to as the budgeted refund rate.

3. Special Fee Refund Rates

a. The budgeted refund rate shall be based upon estimates prepared by the Financial Manager of the actual refund rates incurred during the current fiscal year for each Special Fee.

b. If the Special Fee request is not placed on the ballot by Senate action, then the budgeted refund rate shall be approved by a two-thirds vote of the Senate, provided that this rate shall not be less than either the actual refund rate for that organization during the current fiscal year (if there was a Special Fee collected for that organization during the current fiscal year) or that the lowest actual refund rate incurred of any Special Fee during the current fiscal year (if no such Special Fee was collected during the current fiscal year).

c. The Senate shall approve a budgeted refund rate for a student organization by either the Friday of the sixth week of Winter quarter, or at the Senate meeting which occurs at least 48 hours after the student organization presents their budgetary and other financial information to the Elections Commission, Financial Manager, and Senate, whichever occurs later.

d. If the Senate fails to approve a budgeted refund rate on a timely basis, then this rate shall be either the actual refund rate for that organization's Special Fee during the current fiscal year (if there was a Special Fee collected for that organization during the current fiscal year), or the median of the actual refund rates incurred for all Special Fees during the current fiscal year (if no such Special Fee was collected during the current fiscal year).

4. The required budget information shall be presented in the following form:

a. A numerical table, the columns of which shall represent the organization's detailed budget proposed for the following fiscal year, the original detailed budget for the current fiscal year, the most recently modified budget for the current fiscal year (if it differs from the original budget), the actual expenditures for the current fiscal year to date, and an estimate of expenditures for the remainder of the current fiscal year. Each row of the table shall represent one particular income or expenditure line item from the organization's detailed budget, and the appropriate entries shall be made for that line item under each of the column headings. For line items which apply only to the budget for the current fiscal year or the proposed budget for the following fiscal year, the entries under the columns referring to the year to which they do not apply shall be zeros. Line items may represent either types of expenditures or specific programs.

b. A narrative text, which shall describe each line item and may contain more detailed information supporting the amounts of the proposed line items; commenting on differences between the organization's current budget, its actual and projected expenditures for the current fiscal year, and its proposed budget for the following fiscal year; or any other information deemed relevant.

c. Organizations which receive at least half of their expected income from non-Special Fee sources shall have the option of dividing their budget into Special Fee funded and non-Special Fee funded portions.

5. The Special Charge of the Commission may specify additional requirements that the required budget must meet.

6. Any student organization seeking and receiving Senate approval for its Special Fee request must use the same detailed budget as was approved by the Senate on its petitions.

7. All expenditures must be for the organizational and basic programming expenses of the student organization requesting the Special Fee. This student organization shall be responsible for the spending of all funds, including those used in a co-sponsored event.

8. The Commission shall determine if any given budget meets these requirements. Before making such a determination, the Elections Commission shall seek the advice of the Appropriations Committee of the Senate and the Financial Manager concerning all Special Fee budgets which have not previously been approved by the Senate for placement on the ballot. Only if these requirements are met may a Special Fee request be place on the ballot. However, the budget of any Special Fee request which has been approved for placement on the ballot by an appropriate action of the Senate shall be considered to have met these requirements.

9. Any student organization seeking placement on the ballot of a Special Fee request on the basis of a previous Special Fee request as specified in the Constitution must satisfy the following requirements.

a. The gross amount requested may not exceed the gross amount received in the organization's most recent Special Fee request, as adjusted for inflation, plus ten per cent.

b. The organization's most recent Special Fee request must have been approved by at least 40% of those voting on the matter within the last two years.

10. No Special Fee request shall be placed on the ballot except in accordance with the provisions of Article V, Section 2 of the Constitution, and unless its budget meets all specifications detailed above. No Special Fee request whose placement on the ballot requires the submission of petitions shall be placed on the ballot unless the petitions submitted meet all of the above requirements.

11. Division of a Special Fee Request

a. All budgetary and other financial information required for a Special Fee request to be placed on the ballot shall be presented by the student organization requesting the Special Fee to the Elections Commission, the Financial Manager, and the Senate at least two weeks before the last regularly scheduled meeting of the Senate during Winter quarter.

b. Prior to this deadline, the budgetary and other financial information may be altered by the student organization requesting the Special Fee by so notifying the Elections Commission, the Financial Manager, and the Senate. After this deadline, the budgetary and other financial information may not be altered except with the consent of the Senate or of the Senate Appropriations Committee.

c. The Senate may divide a Special Fee request at any time after this budgetary and other financial information has been presented. The student organization requesting the Special Fee shall be given at least 48 hours prior notice that such a motion may be introduced, and the sponsor of the Special Fee shall be allowed to speak before the Senate on this issue.

d. The bill dividing a Special Fee request shall consist of two parts.

i. The first part shall consist of a set of two sections, each section containing a budget, into which the original request of the student organization has been divided. For each line item, the sum of the amounts for that line item in the two sections shall equal the amount for that line item in the original request. The sum of the fee amounts to be levied for each section shall equal the fee amount originally requested by student organization, and each amount shall be sufficient to carry out the activities in the budget of each section. All other associated financial information shall be divided between the two sections in a similar manner. The Senate may add to either or both of the sections any additional explanatory material warranted by the division.

ii. The second part shall consist of zero or more sets of one or two sections, each section containing a budget, proposed by the Senate, together with their associated financial information and explanatory material.

iii. The bill dividing the Special Fee request may also provide for the placement on the ballot of either the organization's original Special Fee request, or of one of the alternative sets of budgets proposed by the Senate for that organization.

e. The student organization requesting the Special Fee shall either adopt as its request one of the sets presented in the bill of division, or, if the deadline for submission of budgetary and other financial information has not yet passed, may submit a new request before that deadline. If a student organization submits a new Special Fee request after the Senate has divided a Special Fee request for that organization, then the Senate Appropriations Committee may act for the Senate and divide the new request.

In making such a division, the Committee shall consider itself bound by the policy decisions of the Senate, especially those made when the Senate divided the request. The President my decide to render such a decision of the committee invalid, and the question of division is then brought to the Senate for final resolution. The Senate reserves the right to act upon the question of division on its own initiative.

f. The Elections Commission shall consider valid those petitions containing either (1) the budget and associated financial information of any single section, these petitions being applicable to the placement on the ballot of only this section, or (2) the budget and associated financial information of both sections of one of the sets approved by the Senate, these petitions being applicable to the placement on the ballot of both sections, even if they do not make note of the division of the Special Fee request.

g. If one section is approved and the other section is disapproved, then the Senate and the student organization requesting the Special Fee may agree to whatever budget modifications are necessary to provide for the support of essential administrative functions of the student organization whose absence would prevent the implementation of the activities specified in the approved section's proposed budget.

F. General Fee Issues

1. The Senate may transmit to the Commission any bill or resolution to be placed on the ballot as a ballot measure, in which case the author of the bill or resolution shall be considered the author of the ballot measure.

2. Any member of the Association seeking to place a ballot measure on the ballot must submit a petition of members of the Association to the Commission. The information pages in each petition packet shall contain the text of the ballot measure.

Article IV: Elections

Section 5: Campaign Regulations

A. Campaign Practices Code

1. The Campaign Practices Code (referred to in this section as "the Code") shall be a concise and complete specification of all election guidelines pertaining to the expected conduct of members of the Association as outlined in the Constitution, these By-Laws, and the Special Charge of the Commission.

2. The Code shall be compiled by the Elections Commissioner, have its contents verified for authenticity by the Commission, and shall be reproduced by the Associate Commissioner in charge of Publicity.

3. The Code shall be made available to each candidate, slate, and sponsor on or before the first day for filing a declaration of intent.

B. Rulings of the Hearings Officer

1. The Hearings Officer may issue supplemental rulings elaborating or clarifying the election guidelines as specified in the Code.

2. All proposed rulings shall be posted in a public place by the Hearings Officer. Each candidate, slate, and sponsor shall be notified as to where these rulings shall be posted before any ruling is posted. All candidates, slates, and sponsors shall be assumed to have read the ruling within twenty-four hours after its posting.

3. In making these rulings it is expected that the Hearings Officer shall inform either the Elections Commissioner, the Hearings Committee, the Senate Administration and Rules committee, or the Senate chair.

4. Although the Hearings Committee shall not be bound by these rulings, they shall give them substantial weight and shall, in conjunction with the provisions of the Code, consider violations of them grounds for disqualification.

5. The Hearings Officer is the only officer of the Association empowered to offer official advice to candidates, slates, and sponsors on matters pertaining to the Code. Such advice shall be posted as a ruling unless the Hearings Officer determines that either the advice offered was of minor importance and lacked general interest or such a posting to be a violation of confidentiality.

C. Campaign Conduct

1. Campaigning shall be defined as the dissemination of printed material (excluding editorial matter in student publications), commercial ads in student publications, and public speeches and displays for or against any candidate, slate, Special Fee request, General Fee issue, or ballot measure. The seeking of signatures for a petition shall not be considered campaigning. The actions of any officer of the Association, done in the course of discharging his/her duties, shall not be considered campaigning. Private conversations, letters, or messages shall not be considered campaigning.

a. A student publication shall be defined by the Publications Board.

b. The Hearings Officer will rule on wether or not portions of a student publication constitute editorial matter.

2. No candidate, slate, or sponsor shall substantially violate University rules while campaigning, even if the conduct in question would otherwise appear to be permissible under this Code. This would include, but not be limited to, the Campus Disruption Policy, phone harassment, or misuse of academic and informational resources (including computer resources). The Hearings Officer shall investigate alleged violations.

3. Campaigning shall begin 168 hours before the opening of the earliest on-campus polls. Campaigning at any other time shall be grounds for disqualification.

4. No candidate, slate, or sponsor shall use any Association resources for campaigning purposes unless all candidates, slates, and sponsors have equal access to these resources and such access is announced in the Code or by ruling of the Commission. Banner paper and markers shall be made available for free by the Elections Commission under the supervision of the Hearings Officer to candidates, slates, and sponsors for legitimate campaign uses in reasonable quantities. Failure to obey this provision shall be grounds for disqualification.

5. No candidate, slate, or sponsor shall interfere with the campaigning of any other candidate, slate, or sponsor, nor shall they interfere with the dissemination of information by any student publication. Failure to obey this provision shall be grounds for disqualification.

6. All campaign materials must bear the name of the candidate, slate, or sponsor which has published it. Failure to obey this provision shall be grounds for disqualification. However, campaign material issued by a student organization in support of its request for a Special Fee and which is clearly identified with the name of the issuing organization need not also bear the sponsor's name.

7. No campaigning consisting of public speeches or displays shall take place in, immediately before, or immediately after, any class; in any library (excluding lobby areas); in the public computer terminal areas of any building (provided however that this shall not be interpreted to prohibit the sending of private, individually composed electronic mail transmissions to acquaintances of the sender); or in the laboratory areas of any building (except with the consent of the occupants). No campaigning consisting of the dissemination or posting of printed material (excluding editorial matter in student publications) shall take place in any classroom, library (excluding lobby areas), or lecture hall.

8. Posting of Campaign Material

a. No campaign material may be affixed in any manner to trees, shrubs, lights, or signs.

b. No campaign material may be affixed in any manner to any building, wall, or pillar that is part of the Inner or Outer Quad.

c. The Commission shall request, in a timely manner, from all residences and academic departments and schools any limitations on the placement of campaign material in their area. Any limitations approved by the Commission and prominently posted by the concerned residence/department/school in the appropriate area shall be issued as a ruling of the Commission.

d. All candidates, slates, and sponsors are responsible for removing their campaign materials by 5:00 p.m. three days after the polls have closed unless involved in a contested or otherwise unresolved election.

e. A pattern of repeated, intentional violations of these provisions shall be grounds for disqualification.

9. Campaigning on Election Days

a. Prior to the opening of each polling site, the poll watchers shall remove all campaign materials from within one hundred and fifty feet of the polling site.

b. No person on election days, shall, within one hundred and fifty feet of the rooms in which ballots are being cast:

i. Circulate an initiative, referendum, recall, or nomination petition or any other petition relating to ASSU activities.

ii. Solicit a vote or speak to a voter on the subject of marking her/his ballot.

iii. Place any material relating to candidates' qualifications or speak to a voter on the subject of the candidates' qualifications.

10. Any action of a candidate, slate, or sponsor to influence the casting of votes at an overseas campus once the results of the preliminary tally have been announced shall be grounds for disqualification.

11. Any attempt by a candidate, slate, or sponsor to subvert or unethically influence the election shall be grounds for disqualification.

12. Any actions of a candidate, slate, or sponsor that impede an elections officer in the discharge of his/her duties shall be grounds for disqualification.

13. Any actions of a candidate, slate, or sponsor that impedes the normal operations of the University shall be grounds for disqualification.

14. Any deliberate violation of any ruling of the Commission shall be grounds for disqualification.

15. A plea of ignorance shall not be considered a valid defense to an infraction of any rule as specified in the Code or as a ruling of the Commission.

16. Disqualifications may only be based on rules specified in the Code or on rulings of the Commission. However, the Hearings Committee shall have the discretion to determine the applicability and enforceability of rulings of the Commission.

D. Campaign Expenses

1. Campaign expenses shall be defined as all costs, including sales taxes, incurred during the election involving any candidate, slate, or sponsor, including all costs, at fair market value, of all materials used in campaigning or whose purchase was necessary for campaigning (no pro rating of material costs are allowed).

2. Campaign Expense Limits

a. Candidates for the Senate may spend up to $90 on their election.

b. Slates for the Presidency may spend up to $300 on their election plus an additional $60 if a run-off election must be held.

c. Candidates for the Student Conduct Legislative Council may spend up to $72 on their election.

d. Slates for Senior Class Presidents may spend up to $120 on their election.

e. The use of other campaign materials will be supervised by the Hearings Officer.

f. The expense limits detailed in this section shall be adjusted each year by a relative amount equal to the percentage change in the Consumer Price Index during the calendar year immediately preceding the general election.

3. Organizations and associations of students shall not campaign for any candidate or slate without the written approval of that candidate or slate. All campaign materials used in such campaigning shall be charged, at full value, to the campaign of that candidate or slate.

4. The value of the expenses of any publicity produced for the benefit of two or more candidates shall be increased by a factor of one and one half. This larger value shall be divided and charged in equal portions to the campaigns of each of the candidates.

5. The Commission may waive specific expenses from these campaign expense limits if they are incurred in the promotion of general election activity, but all such waivers must be in writing and be made before the expense is incurred.

6. No candidate or slate shall exceed their campaign expense limit. Failure to obey this provision shall be grounds for disqualification.

E. Financial Disclosure

1. A financial disclosure statement shall be an accurate and complete accounting of all campaign expenses and campaign income (including the sources of any income) of any candidate, slate, or sponsor.

2. Each candidate, slate, and sponsor must file with the Hearings Officer a financial disclosure statement within forty-eight hours after all polls have been declared closed by the Commission. Candidates, slates, and sponsors incurring no election expenses must still file a financial disclosure statement. Failure to file a financial disclosure statement shall be grounds for disqualification.

3. All financial disclosure statements must be accompanied by receipts documenting the expenses and income listed on the statement.

4. Any substantial inaccuracies in a financial disclosure statement shall be grounds for disqualification.

5. Each financial disclosure statement shall be verified by the Hearings Officer as to its accuracy, such verifications being presented to the Hearings Committee and the Senate in a timely manner.

6. No candidate, slate, Special Fee request, General Fee issue, or ballot measure shall be certified by the Senate as elected or approved unless a financial disclosure statement is filed with the Hearings Officer and a verification by the Hearings Officer is presented to the Senate.

F. Disqualifications and Other Penalties

1. General

a. No candidate, slate, or sponsor may be subjected to a hearing twice for violation stemming from the same act.

b. No information gathered in the course of a formal investigation shall be made public knowledge by members of the Commission, the Hearings Officer, or any individual whose assistance is requested in the course of the hearing process.

c. The term "grounds for disqualification" shall mean that the Commission, Hearings Officer, or Hearings Committee may use the act or acts so specified as reasons for disqualification, but they shall have the discretion to decide whether to initiate or continue disqualification proceedings. Specification of an act as grounds for disqualification does not mean that disqualification is automatic, even if a candidate, slate, or sponsor is found to have committed such an act, nor shall any elections officer be required to recommend disqualification in such a case.

2. Formal Investigation

a. Any member of the Association, including election officers, may bring to the attention of the Hearings Officer a violation of the Code or of a ruling of the Commission by a candidate, slate, or sponsor.

b. The Hearings Officer shall then gather evidence concerning the possible violation. All members of the Association shall avail themselves to the Hearings Officer for any reasonable request for information.

c. The Hearings Officer shall then determine if the evidence is sufficient to merit consideration by the Hearings Committee. If it is, then the Hearings Officer shall initiate a formal investigation and notify the Hearings Committee of this action.

3. Hearings

a. The Hearings Officer shall make all reasonable attempts to notify the appropriate candidate, slate, or sponsor of the initiation of a formal investigation within twenty-four hours.

b. The Chair of the Hearings Committee may convene the Hearings Committee at any time forty-eight hours after the initiation of a formal investigation (or earlier if either the Hearings Officer wishes to recommend the abandonment of the investigation, or the party being investigated so requests).

c. At the hearing the appropriate candidate, slate, or sponsor may be in attendance. Otherwise all hearings shall be closed to the public, but an accurate transcript of all transactions shall be kept by a secretary appointed for this purpose by the Hearings Committee.

d. At the hearing, the Hearings Officer shall present whatever evidence concerning the charge he/she has been able to gather to the Hearings Committee.

e. At the hearing, the candidate, slate, or sponsor charged may present whatever evidence desired to the Hearings Committee. All members of the Association shall avail themselves to this candidate, slate, or sponsor for any reasonable request for information.

f. Members of the Hearings Committee shall have the right to request any and all information they deem appropriate, including additional testimony, and all parties shall receive such information and have the right to challenge it.

g. The burden of proof shall be borne by the Hearings Officer.

h. Until a recommendation of disqualification is made by the Hearings Committee, the party being investigated shall enjoy all other judicial rights granted in the Constitution unless otherwise provided for in these By-Laws.

4. Recommendation of Penalties

a. The Hearings Committee shall conduct at least one hearing, and as many additional hearings concerning a formal investigation as it deems desirable. At any time during this process the Hearings Committee may meet in closed session, at which only the three members of the Hearings Committee and the Hearings Officer shall be present. During these closed meetings, and only at these times, the Hearings Committee may terminate a formal investigation with the finding that either a violation of the Code meriting disqualification or other penalty has occurred or has not occurred, or probably has occurred but cannot be punished for lack of evidence. The standard of evidence used shall be that of the preponderance of evidence.

b. If such a violation has occurred, then the Hearings Committee may recommend the disqualification of or imposition of other penalty against the candidate, slate, Special Fee request, General Fee issue, or ballot measure in question. Other penalties which may be recommended shall include reprimand, censure, fines of twenty-five or fifty dollars, suspension from office for one of more quarters, and displacement by a specified number of places in the ranking of Senators. Suspension and displacement may be imposed only against candidates for Senate and the Student Conduct Legislative Council.

c. The candidate, slate, or sponsor under formal investigation shall be notified of all such recommendations within twenty-four hours.

5. Approval of Penalties

a. A candidate, slate, Special Fee request, General Fee issue, or ballot measure shall be considered disqualified upon the ruling of disqualification by the Hearings Committee. A candidate, slate, sponsor, or student organization shall be considered reprimanded, censured, or fined (fines are to be deducted from any special fees or funds received through ASSU funding boards, or ASSU salaries, or any other financial resources determined applicable), and a candidate shall be considered suspended or displaced, upon the ruling of the Hearings Committee. Such rulings may not be rescinded, except by a two-thirds vote of the Senate prior to certification of the election. Rulings regarding disqualification or other penalties shall only originate in the Hearings Committee.

b. The Senate may question any party or the members of the Hearings Committee, but shall consider the factual findings to be valid except in extraordinary circumstances. No new evidence may be introduced except in extraordinary circumstances.

c. The transcripts of all hearings which were held pertaining to the recommended disqualifications or other penalties shall be made available to the Senate. The Senate may also require that additional transcripts be made available to its members.

d. The Senate may refer to the appropriate University officer for possible University disciplinary action any candidate, slate, or sponsor found guilty of campaign violations.

e. The Senate may impose any additional sanctions that it may deem reasonable against a student organization whose associated sponsor was found guilty of campaign violations.

f. Any candidate, slate, sponsor, or student organization fined for campaign violations must submit a bond of the amount of the fine, to be deposited with the Students' Organization Fund, within seven days of the issuing of the fine by the Senate. Failure to do so may be grounds for additional action by the Hearings Committee and Senate.

Article IV: Elections

Section 6: Elections Handbook

A. General

1. The Associate Commissioner in charge of Publicity shall serve as the editor of the Elections Handbook.

2. For each general election, the Elections Handbook may take the form of a tabloid pamphlet inserted into the Stanford Daily, or be independently produced and distributed separately. For each special election, the Elections Handbook may take the same form, or such other form as will allow for adequate publicity for the candidates and slates and for adequate distribution to those members of the Association eligible to vote.

3. The Elections Handbook shall contain information on the issues to be decided during the appropriate Association election.

a. No candidate, slate, Special Fee request, or ballot measure for the Spring quarter general election shall appear in the Elections Handbook unless the appropriate declaration of intent and any necessary petitions have been filed and the appropriate material for the Handbook submitted to the Editor by 4:00 p.m. the Friday of Dead Week during Winter quarter. The Commission shall have the authority to extend this deadline.

b. For other elections, the declaration of intent and any necessary petitions must be filed and the appropriate material for the Handbook submitted to the Editor by 4:00 p.m. one week before the election, or at a time specified by the Commission, whichever is sooner. The Commission shall have the authority to extend this deadline.

B. Contents

1. A summary table of all recommendations of the Senate on Special Fee requests and ballot measures.

2. A summary table of all polling times and places.

3. A complete and concise set of voting instructions, including appropriate notices with respect to voter qualifications for each office.

4. A sample ballot to be used for practice and illustration.

5. Statements by each candidate. Statements shall consist of the following information:

a. The name of the candidate.

b. The candidate's major and class (if an undergraduate) or his/her department/school and degree program (if a graduate student).

c. All offices of the Association, all offices of student organizations whose governing documents are on file with the Association Office, and all positions on committees of the University held by the candidate, and the term of service, listed in reverse chronological order from the beginning of service. Graduate students and transfer students may list corresponding positions held at any other University.

d. A position statement submitted by the candidate.

6. Position statements from each candidate for seats in the Senate may not exceed one hundred words each; those from candidates for a seat in the Student Conduct Legislative Council may not exceed one hundred words each.

7. Statements by each slate. Statements shall consist of the following information:

a. The name of the slate.

b. The name of each member of the slate.

c. Each member's major and class (if an undergraduate) or his/her department/school and degree program (if a graduate student).

d. All offices of the Association, all offices of student organizations whose governing documents are on file with the Association Office, and all positions on committees of the University held by each member, and the term of service, listed in reverse chronological order from the beginning of service. Graduate students and transfer students may list corresponding positions held at any other University.

e. A position statement submitted by the slate.

8. Position statements from slates for the Presidency may not exceed four hundred words each; those from slates for the Senior Class Presidents may not exceed two hundred words each.

9. Statements on each Special Fee request. Statements shall consist of the following information:

a. The name of the student organization making the request.

b. The amount of money requested.

c. The name(s) of the sponsors in favor and opposed (if any) to the Special Fee request.

d. A position statement submitted by each sponsor, not to exceed four hundred words each. However, if there is more than one sponsor opposing the request, only the first to submit a statement shall be entitled to have it published. However, such a statement submitted by an elected Senator shall take absolute precedence over statements submitted by other members of the Association, even if those other statements were submitted before that of the Senator. The Commission shall be charged with ensuring that any statement filed by a sponsor in opposition is indeed one in opposition, and shall be empowered to disregard it otherwise.

e. A summary of the special fee request, presented by the student organization requesting the fee, and limited to:

i. a subtotal of each event

ii. a line-item summary

10. Statements on setting the amount of each existing General Fee. Statements consist of the following information:

a. The title, statement of purpose, and base amount of the General Fee.

1. The options for setting the fee amount, each of which must be expressed as dollar amounts, and parenthetically as percentage changes from the base amount and amounts per student per quarter.

b. The name(s) of the sponsors in favor of each of the options for the fee amount.

c. A position statement submitted by each sponsor, not to exceed two hundred words each. If there is more than one sponsor in favor of a certain option, only the first to submit a statement will be entitled to have it published. However, such a statement submitted by an elected Senator takes absolute precedence over statements submitted by other members of the Association, even if those other statements were submitted before that of the Senator.

d. Background information on each Fee, consisting of the current fiscal year's overall Fee budget, and a list of groups receiving funding in the current year with the amounts they were allocated as of the end of Winter quarter.

11. Statements on creating, changing the amount of, or abolishing General Fees. Statements consist of the following information:

a. The title, current statement of purpose, and current base amount of the General Fee, if they exist.

b. A statement of what is being changed: the proposed new base amount of the Fee, expressed as dollar amounts, amount per student per quarter, and percentage change from the current base amount (if any); and the proposed new title and statement of purpose (if any).

c. For linked proposals, the title assigned by the Senate, followed by the current and proposed information for each General Fee issue that makes up the proposal, as specified above.

d. For proposals involving existing General Fees, a warning that this proposal, if it succeeds, overrules the vote on setting the amount of those Fees.

e. The name(s) of the sponsors in favor of and opposed (if any) to the ballot measure.

f. A position statement submitted by each sponsor, not to exceed four hundred words each. If there is more than one sponsor opposing the General Fee issue, only the first to submit a statement will be entitled to have it published. However, such a statement submitted by an elected Senator takes absolute precedence over statements submitted by other members of the Association, even if those other statements were submitted before that of the Senator.

g. Background information on each Fee. For existing Fees, this consists of the current overall Fee budget, and the list of groups funded in the current year. For new Fees, this consists of whatever information is approved by the Senate. Information on existing Fees that is already being included in the Elections Handbook need not be repeated here, except where needed for clarity.

12. Statements on each ballot measure. Statements shall consist of the following information:

a. The title of the ballot measure.

b. The text of the ballot measure.

c. The name(s) of the sponsors in favor and opposed (if any) to the ballot measure. In those cases where the ballot measure was placed on the ballot by the Senate, this fact shall be noted.

d. A position statement submitted by each sponsor, not to exceed four hundred words each. However, if there is more than one sponsor opposing the ballot measure, only the first to submit a statement shall be entitled to have it published. However, such a statement submitted by an elected Senator shall take absolute precedence over statements submitted by other members of the Association, even if those other statements were submitted before that of the Senator. The Commission shall be charged with ensuring that any statement filed by a sponsor in opposition is indeed one in opposition, and shall be empowered to disregard it otherwise.

e. A clear and concise estimate of the financial impact of the ballot measure prepared by the Financial Manager for the Commission.

13. A summary table, listing each Special Fee request, the amount requested, and the estimated number of dollars per student per quarter to be collected if the request is approved, plus an estimate of the total number of dollars per student per quarter to be collected if all requests on the ballot are approved. This table shall include a statement noting that, in addition to the Special Fees, the Association Fee and surcharges will also be collected, and estimating their amount and the resulting number of dollars per student per quarter to be collected.

14. Any material supplied by the Commission to make the Elections Handbook easier to read and use.

15. After the submission of a statement to the Commission, but prior to its being typeset, the author may make non-substantive modifications, or substantive modifications to correct statements of fact whose veracity have been publicly challenged.

C. Layout

1. The Commission shall present to the Senate for its approval at least four weeks before the Spring quarter general election and at least one week before all other elections a plan for the organization of the Elections Handbook. This plan shall present the information contained in the Elections Handbook in a manner easy for the average voter to understand and use.

2. All Senators, candidates, slates, and sponsors shall be accorded the opportunity to examine the proofs of the Elections Handbook before it is printed, and at that time may call attention to any errors, which shall be corrected. However, errors resulting from the failure of a candidate, slate, or sponsor to supply correct information to the Associate Commissioner in charge of Publicity before the appropriate deadline shall be corrected only with the consent of the Associate Commissioner, and at the expense of that candidate, slate, or sponsor.

a. For the Spring quarter general election, the Commission shall publicly announce the time and place at which the opportunity to examine the proofs of the Elections Handbook shall be made available at least forty-eight hours in advance of that opportunity, but in any case no later than the last day of Winter quarter.

b. For other elections, the Commission shall publicly announce the time and place at which the opportunity to examine the proofs of the Elections Handbook shall be made available at least twenty-four hours in advance.

D. Distribution

1. The Elections Handbook shall be distributed during the week before the Association election, except for those copies sent to overseas campuses.

2. Enough copies of the Elections Handbook shall be distributed to ensure that every member of the Association who desire to obtain a copy received a copy, except that overseas campuses shall receive at least one copy for every five members at that campus. For each special election, enough copies shall be distributed to ensure that every member of the Association eligible to vote in that election who desires a copy receives a copy.

3. Additional copies shall be made available at the Association Office and at each polling site.

Article IV: Elections

Section 7: Ballots

Section 8: Voting

Section 9: Ballot Counting

Section 10: Validation of an Election

A. Definition of Validation

1. The election shall be validated upon the approval of a recommendation of validation by the Senate. The recommendation shall take the form of a resolution submitted by the Commission. Validations may not be rescinded or reconsidered.

2. An election may only be validated at the first regular meeting of the Senate which begins at least seventy-two hours after the polls have closed.

3. Should circumstances warrant, the Senate may validate a portion of an election. The portion so certified shall be subject to certification. The portion not validated by the Senate shall be null and void.

B. Grounds for Validation

1. Any candidate, slate, or sponsor may contest the validity of an Association election by filing a contestation within seventy-two hours after the close of the polls.

2. Contestations shall contain the name of the contesting party, his/her local address and phone number, and the grounds upon which the contestation is being filed.

3. A contestation shall be considered filed upon receipt by the Chair of the Senate of the contestation. The Chair of the Senate must post and adhere to reasonable procedures for receiving contestations.

4. The Chair of the Senate shall distribute copies of the contestation to all members of the Senate in a timely manner.

5. The Senate shall use the information contained within the contestation when considering whether to validate an Association election.

D. Suspension from Other Offices

Section 11: Certification of Election Results

A. Definition of Certification

1. The recommendation shall take the form of a resolution submitted by the Commission specifying the appropriate office, Special Fee request, or ballot measure; the number of votes cast for the appropriate candidate or slate, or the number of votes cast in favor of and in opposition to the appropriate Special Fee request of ballot measure; the requirements for certification of this result as specified in the Constitution and these By-Laws; and any other information deemed appropriate by the Commission.

2. An election result may only be certified on the basis of the results of the appropriate validated election.

3. An election result may only be certified at the first regular meeting of the Senate after the election upon which the certification is based has been validated. However, for special elections, an election result may be certified at the same Senate meeting at which the election was validated, provided that there are no charges pending against any candidate, slate, or sponsor.

4. No candidate, slate, Special Fee request, or ballot measure may be certified if the Senate has approved an appropriate resolution of disqualification.

5. Resolution of Conflicts

a. A conflict shall exist when two or more ballot measures contain sections which, if they were certified, could not be implemented.

b. The Senate shall divide the ballot measures in question by section, and shall then certify all sections which do not conflict before any conflict is resolved.

c. A conflict between a Constitutional amendment and a referendum shall be resolved in favor of the Constitutional amendment, which shall then be certified.

d. From each set of sections remaining in conflict the one whose ballot measure secured the highest percentage of votes shall be certified.

6. Resolution of Ties

a. A tie shall exist when the Senate is unable to certify the appropriate election result(s) required to fill all offices.

b. The Senate shall certify all election results which do not involve ties before any tie is resolved.

c. Each candidate or slate involved in a tie shall be allowed to speak and answer questions before the Senate.

7. No officer shall take office, no Special Fee shall be authorized for collection, and no ballot measure shall take effect unless and until the appropriate election result has been certified.

8. No Special Fee request or ballot measure shall be certified unless it appeared on the ballot. No Special Fee request or ballot measure shall be certified unless the detailed budget and summary of actual expenditures presented by the student organization requesting the Special Fee, or an approved summary thereof (for Special Fees), or text of a ballot measure and its estimated fiscal impact (for ballot measures), was included in the Elections Handbook or published in the Stanford Daily before the first day of voting.

9. The Commission shall verify the eligibility of each candidate and slate, and of each Special Fee request and ballot measure and their associated sponsors, before submitting a resolution of certification to the Senate.

B. Grounds for Certification

1. In each Senate district, a number of candidates with the greatest number of votes equal in number to the number of Senate seats in that district shall be certified as having been elected as regular members of the Senate. A number of candidates with the next greatest number of votes equal in number to the number of Senate seats in that district shall be certified as having been elected alternate members of the Senate. In making such certification, the Senate shall include the effects of any resolution of displacement previously approved.

2. The three candidates with the greatest number of votes shall be certified as having been elected to the Student Conduct Legislative Council.

3. The slate that is victorious under the preferential voting system described in The Scott, Foresman Roberts Rules of Order, (Scott, Foresman, and Co., 1990), pp. 418-421, shall be certified as having been elected as the Senior Class Presidents.

4. A Special Fee request that received a majority of the votes cast, provided that this majority constituted at least fifteen percent of the members of the Association, shall be certified as having been approved.

5. The option for setting the amount of an existing General Fee that is at the median of the votes for setting that Fee amount will be certified as the new Fee amount, provided that at least fifteen percent of the members of the Association cast ballots in the election. In the case of exact ties, the option closer to no change (or no change itself, if one of the tying options is an increase and one is a decrease) will be certified as the new Fee amount.

6. A proposal to create, change the base amount of, or abolish a General Fee will be certified if it receives at least two-thirds of the votes cast, and if those in favor constituted at least fifteen percent of the members of the Association. The new Fee amount will be certified as the base amount listed in the proposal, regardless of the outcome of setting the amounts of existing General Fees.

7. A referendum that received a majority of the votes cast shall be certified as having been approved. A referendum shall take effect upon certification, or at a later date if specified by the referendum.

8. A Constitutional amendment that received at least two-thirds of the votes cast shall be certified as having been approved by the Association. The President shall forward this amendment in a timely manner to the Board of Trustees and the University President for their or his/her approval.

Article V: Finances

Section 1: General

A. Financial Policies

1. Every department or agency of the Association belongs to a sector which designates its primary operation. Other entities may also be classified as belonging to a sector.

2. The Governance sector shall consist of the Association Office, the President, the Vice-President, the Elections Commission, the Financial Office, the Nominations Commission, the Senate, and those departments so specified by an Act of the Senate.

3. The Service sector shall consist of the service projects of the Association as specified in these By-Laws.

4. The Service Affiliate sector shall consist of the Class Presidents, the Graduate Student Council and those agencies specified in these By-Laws or by Act of the Senate which are associated with the Association.

5. The Business sector shall consist of the Business Projects of the Association as specified in these By-Laws.

6. The Business Affiliate sector shall consist of all subsidiaries and partnerships specified in these By-Laws.

E. Financial Manager Selection

1. The current Financial Manager shall be responsible for advertising the position of Financial Manager in a manner designed to maximize the number of qualified applicants, and shall serve as Chair of the Financial Manager Selection Committee.

2. The Financial Manager Selection Committee shall nominate an individual to serve as Financial Manager during Winter quarter. This nomination shall be submitted to the Senate for approval at the first regularly-scheduled Senate meeting held after the Selection Committee has made its nomination.

3. The new Financial Manager shall take office at the close of business on the Friday prior to Commencement.

4. The financial manager shall serve for one year unless reappointed by the normal selection process.

F. Assistant Financial Manager

1. The Financial Manager shall be assisted in his/her duties by the Assistant Financial Managers as needed.

2. Assistant Financial Managers shall be nominated in the Winter quarter by the Assistant Financial Managers' Selection Committee, which shall consist of the Financial Manager (who shall chair the committee), the Associate Financial Manager, and the President. Two Senators (one undergraduate and one graduate) shall serve as ex-officio members of the committee. A quorum of the committee shall consist of three voting members of the committee. All decisions of the committee, including initial screening of applicants, shall be by a quorum of the committee. No decision of the committee shall be valid unless approved by three members of the committee.

3. The Senate shall confirm all Assistant Financial Mangers by a two-thirds vote.

4. The removal of Assistant Financial Managers shall be done by the procedure specified for the removal of Business Project Managers in these By-Laws.

Section 2: Association Operating Budget

A. General

1. No funds shall be expended, encumbered, or otherwise disbursed by the Association or the Students' Organizations Fund (except for funds withdrawn from the accounts of student organizations by their treasurers) other than in accordance with the procedures for the authorization of expenditures or investments contained in these By-Laws.

2. All funds expended by the Association shall be used for the basic operating expenses of the Association, or for programs initiated by and under the control of the Association and its agencies.

3. No funds shall be expended as salaries or wages by any Association department or agency, except as specifically provided in the Association operating budget or the budget of that agency, or pursuant to the authority contained in these By-Laws.

B. Budget Process and Timetable

1. The Association shall formulate its request for the operating budget allowance from the University for the following fiscal year, and shall submit that request to the University. This request shall be formulated by a committee consisting of the Financial Manager (who shall chair the committee), the President, the Senate Chair, and the Chair of the Senate Budget and Finance Committee.

2. By the third week of Winter quarter, the Financial Manager shall prepare and present to the Senate Budget and Finance Committee for their approval estimates of the Indirect Cost Recovery charges to be made to each Association agency for the following fiscal year. This information shall then be supplied to the appropriate agencies for use in preparing their budget requests.

3. By the third week of Spring quarter, the Financial Manager shall, in consultation with the President and the Senate Budget and Finance Committee, prepare and issue a timetable for the preparation of the Operating Budget for the following fiscal year. This timetable shall meet all the requirements contained in these By-Laws.

4. The Operating Budget shall be drafted by a committee consisting of the Financial Manager(who shall serve as chair), the Associate Financial Manager, the Senate Chair, the President, and the Chair of the Senate Budget and Finance Committee. The incoming President-elect and Senate Chair-elect shall be ex-officio members of this committee. This proposed budget shall be submitted for review and modification to the Senate Budget and Finance Committee no later than its last regularly scheduled meeting before the dissolution of the outgoing Senate during Spring quarter.

5. The draft Operating Budget shall include appropriate budget detail for each income and expense line-item, including but not limited to the line-items for salaries (except for the salaries paid to the University employees in the Association Office), the expenses of the Senate, Presidency, and Financial Manager, and all other expense line items (other than the basic office expenses of the Association Office and the Students' Organizations Fund). This budget detail shall be submitted to the Senate for approval along with the Operating Budget and, once approved, shall be equally as binding as the Operating Budget itself; however, it shall not form part of the budget submitted to the President of the University for approval.

6. The proposed Operating Budget, as modified by the Senate Budget and Finance Committee, shall be submitted to the Senate for approval no later than the last regularly scheduled meeting before the dissolution of the old Senate during Spring quarter. Copies of the proposed Budget must be made available to all members of the Senate at least 48 hours prior to the commencement of the Senate meeting at which it is to be considered. Approval requires a two-thirds vote.

7. The Operating Budget approved by the Senate shall be transmitted to the President of the University (or designee) by the Financial Manager for approval within fourteen days after it has been approved by the Senate.

C. Budgetary Authority

1. The Financial Manager shall report to the Senate Budget and Finance Committee on the actual expenditures from each Operating Budget line-item according to the following schedule:

a. no later than the second regularly-scheduled Committee meeting of each quarter, on the actual expenditures as of the end of the previous quarter;

b. whenever the actual expenditures for a given detailed line-item (or a line-item, where no detail was approved) have exceeded the budgeted amount, or appear likely to exceed the budgeted amount before the next regularly-scheduled report.

2. The Financial Manager shall report to the Budget and Finance Committee on any changes in circumstances which would cause total income to be less than budgeted, or total expenses to be greater than budgeted, as soon as such changes come to his/her attention, and shall suggest such corrective action as may be required for the fiscal soundness of the Association.

3. The Senate may modify the Operating Budget by a two-thirds vote.

4. The Financial Manager shall not approve any expenditure which would result in a detailed line-item (or a line-item, where no detail was approved) being overspent by more than $100 or fifteen percent of the authorized amount, whichever is greater; nor any overspending of any salary or discretionary line-items; nor any overspending resulting from changes in the nature of the programs on which funds are being expended; unless and until an appropriate budget modification has been approved by the Senate Budget and Finance Committee or by the Senate.

5. Any changes to any budget line item for salaries in the Association operating budget or the budget of any Association agency, and any payment of bonuses to any employee of the Association (except for incentive payments included in the regular compensation of managers of business projects), shall require Committee or Senate approval before becoming effective.

6. Except for the budget line-items for the operating expenses of the Presidency, the Senate, and the Nominations and Elections Commissions, the Financial Manager shall be directly responsible for authorizing all specific expenditures of funds from the Association Operating Budget. The Financial Manager may delegate this authority, but shall be responsible to the Senate for all expenditures made under such delegated authority.

7. Funds from the Contingency line of the Operating Budget shall be available for reallocation by the Senate to other lines in the budget. No funds shall be directly expended from any Budget Reserve or Contingency line of the Operating Budget.

D. Determination of Expendable Income

1. Operating Reserve

2. Special Discretionary Reserve

3. Annual Discretionary Expense Account

The Operating Reserve shall be maintained at its prescribed amounts by crediting funds to, or transferring funds from, the Special Discretionary Reserve at the beginning of each fiscal year. No funds shall be directly expended from the Operating Reserve.

A. Service Projects

1. Approval of the placement of a Special Fee request on the ballot, or approval of an allocation of funds from a General Fee, shall constitute approval of the budget of an Association service project for the appropriate year. However, this approval shall be null and void if the Special Fee request is defeated.

2. The budgets of the Program and Publications Boards shall be approved as provided in these By-Laws.

3. For service projects not receiving budgetary approval under the foregoing provisions, the Senate shall approve a budget during Spring quarter for the following fiscal year.

4. None of the unrestricted funds of the Association shall be expended by any Association agency that is classified by these By-Laws as belonging to the Service Sector, except as provided in the Association operating budget, nor shall any agency so classified be allowed to incur a deficit.

B. Business Projects

1. The manager of each business project, in consultation with the manager-designate for the following year, shall draft a detailed budget for that project for the following year. This budget shall be submitted to the Financial Manager by a date specified in the timetable for the preparation of the Association Operating Budget.

2. The Financial Manager, in consultation with the Associate Financial Manager, shall review and may modify the proposed budget for each business project, and shall then present each budget to the Senate Budget and Finance Committee for approval.

3. The proposed budget for each business project, as presented by the Financial Manager, shall be approved by the Senate Budget and Finance Committee prior to the Committee's consideration of the Association Operating Budget.

4. The Financial Manager may modify the budget of a business project. All such modifications shall be reported to the Senate Budget and Finance Committee at its next meeting. The Senate retains the ultimate authority to approve or disapprove such modifications.

5. The Financial Manager shall maintain on file an accurate copy of the budget of each business project as initially approved by the Senate Budget and Finance Committee, and as subsequently modified by the Financial Manager. Copies of these budgets shall be made available to any officer upon request. Officers shall not make the information contained in these budgets public without the consent of either the Financial Manager or the Senate.

6. The Financial Manager shall consult with the President and the Chair of the Senate Budget and Finance Committee prior to approving any major changes in the finances or operations of any business project.

C. Capital Budget

A. General

1. The Financial Manager may at his/her discretion extend short-term loans to student organizations, providing that appropriate guarantees are made for their repayment. The maximum amount which may be loaned to any one organization, and the maximum amount of such loans which may be outstanding at any one time, shall be specified in a Financial Policy. Such loans shall bear an appropriate rate of interest which reflects the opportunity cost and high risk involved, as specified in this Financial Policy.

2. The Senate may authorize specific investments to be made in other activities, including projects or programs of the Association and its agencies, and corporations and partnerships in which the Association is an investor, on an individual basis. All such authorizations shall be by a two-thirds vote of the Senate.

3. The expenditure of funds on the purchase of capital equipment as provided in the operating or capital budgets of the Association or its agencies, as authorized by the Senate, shall be exempt from the requirements of this section.

B. Signature Power

A. Borrowing

A. Operating Rules

A. General Provisions

1. For each General Fee, there must be a Board constituted in these By-Laws as an agency of the Association, which will allocate funds from the Fee, and a concise statement of purpose defined in the same portion of the By-Laws.

2. No organization receiving funds from a General or Special Fee may loan, grant, or otherwise distribute any of its restricted funds to another organization, with the following exemptions:

a. The Program and Publications Boards may distribute funds to eligible student organizations in accordance with the provisions of these By-Laws.

b. The Club Sports Council may distribute funds to the various clubs belonging to the Club Sports program. Any organization receiving funds from the Council shall not be eligible for General or Special Fee funding from any other source.

3. No organization may receive funds from both a Special Fee and a General Fee during the same fiscal year.

4. Non-Association organizations which are eligible to apply for a Special Fee or funds from a General Fee may not receive any unrestricted funds from the Association Operating Budget, except in the form of loans.

5. The Senate shall approve Schedules for the Collection, Disbursement, and Refunds, of the General and Special Fees for the following fiscal year no later than the final meeting of the outgoing Senate before it dissolves during Spring quarter.

6. At the time that it approves these Schedules, the Senate shall set the amounts of the following surcharges, and approve line-item budgets for their expenditure where appropriate:

a. Refund cost surcharge -- shall cover the direct and indirect costs of providing refunds of the General and Special Fees.

b. Rounding surcharge -- shall cover any excess of the amount to be refunded per student for a given fee (as provided in the Refund Schedule) over the amount to be collected per student for that fee (as provided in the Collection Schedule).

c. Election Cost surcharge -- shall reimburse the Association operating budget for an appropriate fraction of the budgeted cost of Association elections, as provided by these By-Laws, including interest from the time the election costs are incurred until the time the surcharge funds are received.

d. Advance disbursement surcharge -- shall reimburse the Association for the opportunity cost of making available General and Special Fee funds to student organizations in advance of the receipt of those funds from the University.

e. Administrative cost surcharge -- shall cover the direct and indirect costs incurred in the processes of the approval and disbursement of the General and Special Fees, and in enforcing compliance by the recipients of such funds with their authorized budgets.

7. The Disbursement Schedule shall provide that each student organization receiving a Special Fee shall receive 35 percent of the net amount of that Fee at the beginning of the Autumn quarter, 30 percent at the beginning of each of the Winter and Spring quarters, and the remaining 5 percent at the beginning of the Summer quarter. For the Boards receiving funds from a General Fee, one-third of the net amount shall be disbursed to that Board at the beginning of each of the Autumn, Winter, and Spring quarters.

8. Disbursements of funds to student organizations receiving a Special Fee in advance of the disbursement authorized by the appropriate Schedule, or to student organizations receiving annual allocations from a General Fee in advance of the disbursement authorized by these By-Laws and the budget of the appropriate Board, may be authorized by the Financial Manager at his/her discretion. Such advances shall bear an appropriate rate of interest to compensate for the opportunity cost involved, as specified in an appropriate Financial Policy.

9. Approval by the Senate, the Financial Manager, or the Association of any particular line item of a Special Fee request or allocation from a General Fee does not commit the Financial Manager to approval of any particular expenditure at the time it is requested by the organization.

10. Any student organization requesting or receiving funds from a General or Special Fee shall prepare its budget in a manner which complies with the requirements of the Constitution, these By-Laws, and any Funding Policies adopted by the Senate.

11. Any organization receiving a Special Fee or funds from a General Fee during the current fiscal year, or having unexpended funds originally derived from such a source, shall be required to expend all funds of that organization in accordance with its budget as authorized by the members of the Association (when its Special Fee request was approved) or by the Senate (when an allocation of funds from a General Fee was approved), unless and until a budget modification has been approved. The process by which budget modifications may be approved shall be specified in a Funding Policy adopted by the Senate.

12. At the close of a fiscal year, any unexpended funds (including budget reserve funds) in the account of a student organization which were originally derived from a General or Special Fee shall remain subject to the budgetary supervision of the Association. The process by which a budget for the expenditure of such funds is authorized shall be specified in a Funding Policy adopted by the Senate. No such funds shall be expended except in accordance with an authorized budget.

13. Any student organization requesting a Special Fee or funds from a General Fee and which has been exempt from banking with the Students' Organizations Fund (and which has not done all of its banking with the University) must submit a report to the Financial Manager from an independent auditor approved by him/her which fully accounts for the finances of said organization for the previous fiscal year, and which especially emphasizes the uses to which any previously received General or Special Fee funds have been put.

B. Special Fees

1. By the eighth week of Autumn quarter, the Senate shall adopt a schedule specifying the date by which student organizations seeking Senate approval for the placement of their Special Fee request on the ballot in the Association general election shall submit their budgets for the following fiscal year to the Senate Appropriations Committee, and the date(s) on which the Appropriations Committee may submit such budgets to the Senate for approval. Budgets may not be submitted to the Senate later than eight weeks before the end of Winter Quarter.

2. The Senate Appropriations Committee shall review all Special Fee requests submitted to it in accordance with this schedule, and shall recommend to the Senate whether or not each Special Fee request should be placed on the ballot by the Senate in its original or an amended form, and may recommend that the special fee request be divided.

3. The Appropriations Committee's recommendation to the Senate shall be based on all relevant information, including but not limited to: the reasonableness of the detailed budget submitted by the student organization and the size of its total fee request, a consideration of the organization's other potential sources of income, the value of the services provided to the members of the Association by the organization, and the appropriateness of using Special Fee funds to provide those services.

C. General Fees

1. Eligibility of Student Organizations Applying for General Fee Funds

a. Organizations eligible for General Fee funding shall be the same as those eligible to apply for Special Fees, as provided by these By-Laws. Agencies of the Association applying for General Fee funding must be financially independent from the Association proper. No Association agency which appears as a source of funds to the Association Operating Budget shall be eligible to receive funds from a General Fee.

b. A non-Association organization which is a subsidiary of, or receives organizational or basic programming funding from, another organization shall be treated as a department of the parent organization, and not an organization in its own right.

c. The Senate has the right to enforce the limit on the amount of funding an organization can receive by classifying together organizations which have substantially identical purposes or memberships, especially (but not exclusively) in cases where they were originally part of one organization.

2. Allocations and Uses of General Fee Funds

a. No organization may receive funding from more than one Association Board. Board members and officers should offer their expertise to other Boards whenever needed for the purpose of evaluating requests for funding.

b. The maximum amount of General Fee funding which may be received by an organization during a fiscal year is $6000.

c. Any organization which receives more than $4200 from any one General Fee during a fiscal year must either place a Special Fee request on the ballot for the following fiscal year, or successfully obtain a valid petition of ten percent of the members of the Association towards that end, in order to be eligible to receive General Fee funding for the following fiscal year. If such an organization successfully obtains a valid petition of ten percent of the members of the Association for its Special Fee request, but that Special Fee request does not appear on the ballot, that organization shall be eligible to receive a maximum of $4200 from any one General Fee for the following fiscal year.

d. An organization whose Special Fee request fails to be approved by the members of the Association shall be eligible to receive no more than 80 per cent of its net fee request or $6000 (of which no more than $4200 may be received from any one General Fee), whichever is less, during the fiscal year for which the Fee was requested.

3. Authorizing Existing General Fees

a. No later than the second regularly scheduled meeting of Winter quarter, the Appropriations Committee must give notice of legislation listing the base amount and the statement of purpose of each existing General Fee, and the percentages by which they may be changed in the coming General Election.

b. The percentages must consist of a list of two to five numbers in the form "0%, xb1 10%, xb1 15%", and must include 0% and xb1 10%. Different General Fees may have different percentages.

c. If this legislation is not passed by the last regularly-scheduled meeting of Winter quarter, the percentages from the previous year will be used.

d. In applying each Fee's percentage to its base amount, the Elections Commission must round to the nearest whole dollar. These dollar amounts are the options for setting the amount of each General Fee.

4. Proposals to Create, Abolish, or Make Large Modifications in General Fees

a. Proposals to create a new General Fee or to make a modification to the base amount of an existing General Fee must include a proposed base amount and statement of purpose. Proposals to abolish a General Fee need only specify which fee to abolish.

b. Substantive changes to the statement of purpose must be approved in the same manner as a change in base amount.

c. Proposals may be linked; for instance, the creation of one General Fee may be linked to the reduction in base amount of another General Fee. Linked proposals are voted on as a unit. The Senate must assign a descriptive title to each linked proposal.

5. Annual Allocations

a. Any Board which makes allocation recommendations one year for the following year's General Fee must complete such recommendations by the end of Winter quarter. No member of or body of the Senate may then publicize any further recommendations or intended recommendations from the beginning of Spring quarter until after the Spring general election is over.

b. In making those recommendations, the Board should assume that the size of the General Fee will not change, and report out allocations with a sum corresponding to the annual allocations from that Fee in the current fiscal year, unless the Senate instructs the Board otherwise. The Board may entertain applications from organizations seeking Special Fees, and will give them the same scrutiny it would give non-Special Fee groups. However, it should report them out separately and not include their potential allocations in the sum.

c. No later than the first regularly-scheduled meeting of Spring quarter, the Senate will approve an overall budget for each General Fee. This budget will delineate categories of expenditure, including but not limited to: a fixed amount for the operating expenses of the Board allocating the Fee; a fixed Fee refund rate and amount; various funds for disbursement, as defined in the Board's By-Laws discretionary funds, if any, must be specified as a minimum percentage of the net amount of the Fee); and allowance for transfers from the Fee's Budget reserve. The budget must add up to the base amount of the Fee. General Fee refunds must be calculated in the same manner as Special Fee refund rates, unless otherwise specified by the Senate. The overall budget may not be amended after the Spring General election, except by a two-thirds vote of the membership of the Senate.

d. At the meeting when the Spring election results are certified, or no later than the next regularly-scheduled meeting, the Senate must approve budgets for the following fiscal year, including any allocations to student groups, for the Boards administering General Fees. The proposed allocations must be made available to all members of the Senate at least 96 hours prior to the commencement of the Senate meeting at which they will be considered.

6. Minimum Amount of General Fees

7. General Fee Budget Reserve Funds

a. For each General Fee, a General Fee Budget Reserve Fund must be maintained as a distinct account within the Students' Organizations Fund. At the close of each fiscal year, any excess of income over expenditures must be credited to, or any excess of expenditures over income must be charged to, that Fee's Budget Reserve Fund. Expenditures are defined as those funds actually disbursed from the Board's accounts with the Students' Organizations Fund by the close of the fiscal year, plus any funds due an individual or organization for expenses previously incurred in accordance with an allocation or within the operating budget of the Board, and the existence of which is known to the Director of the at Board at the close of the fiscal year.

b. The Senate will enact a Financial Policy specifying the target level of the Budget Reserve for each General Fee. When approving the overall budget of a General Fee, the Senate must supplement or offset the income from the Fee with transfers from or to that Fee's Budget Reserve, in order to bring the level of the Budget Reserve to its target.

c. Any funds allocated by a Board disbursing General Fee funds which are not expended in accordance with the original allocation, and which are subsequently recovered by that Board after the close of the fiscal year in which they were originally allocated, must be credited to that Board's General Fee Budget Reserve Fund.

d. Expenditures of funds from a General Fee Budget Reserve Fund may be made only through the budget of the appropriate Board authorized in these By-Laws to receive funds from that General Fee. All expenditures of funds from a Budget Reserve Fund (including the adoption of any budget or subsequent budget modification which requires such an expenditure) must be approved by a two-thirds vote of the Senate.

8. The amounts allocated to each Board and/or fund shall be treated as separate Fees for the purpose of granting refunds.

Section 8: Three Year Plan

1. The financial manager will present a revised three year plan to the Senate no later than the last regularly scheduled meeting of the year.

2. The three year plan will outline goals and timelines for the financial operation of the Association. The areas included shall be: staff, business projects, banking service, fee refunds, operating budget, and other services the financial manager deems important to operation of the Association.

Article VI: Business Projects

Section 1: Purpose

A. Appointment

1. A manager for each business project shall be nominated in the Winter Quarter by separate selection committees for each project which shall consist of the Financial Manager (who shall chair each committee), the Associate Financial Manager, the President, a Senator, and the current project manager (unless the current project manager is applying for reappointment in which case the remaining members of the committee shall select a replacement member of the committee who has been active in the project). All decisions of the committee, except the selection of a replacement member of the committee, but including the initial screening of applicants, shall be by a quorum of the committee. No decision of the committee, including the selection of a replacement member of the committee, shall be valid unless approved by three members of the committee.

2. The Senate shall confirm all Business Project Manager nominees by a two-thirds vote.

B. Removal

1. Business Project Managers may be removed by a two-thirds vote of the Senate or by the Financial Manager with the approval of the President.

2. Such action by the Financial Manager may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of the Senate, provided such vote is taken by the first regular meeting of the Senate after the meeting during which they are informed of the action.

3. Vacancies in the position of a Business Project Manager shall be filled by the Financial Manager subject to approval of the Senate.

C. Salary

A. Financial Accounts

1. Business Project Manager

2. Financial Manager

Article VII: Business Affiliates

Section 1: Definition of a Partnership

Section 1: General

A. Types

1. A Board shall formulate the policy of, and recommend to the Senate the allocation of Association funds for, a set of student organizations. This set of organizations shall be known as the membership of membership Boards, and the clientele of funding Boards.

2. A Policy Board shall formulate the policy of, and have primary budgetary authority for, an agency of the Association.

3. A Bureau, Center, or Office shall be an operating agency of the Association.

B. Authority

1. Responsibility for the fiscal and budgetary policy of a Service Project is lodged primarily in the designated governing body of that project, secondarily in the Financial Manager, and ultimately in the Senate.

2. No funds may be expended or received by a Service Project unless authorized by the budget of the project. Authorization shall be defined to be the approval by the Senate of a budget, or a modification to an authorized budget.

3. If the position of Treasurer of a project is vacant, then the Director, in consultation with the Financial Manager, shall appoint an acting Treasurer until a permanent replacement has been nominated and confirmed through the usual appointment process.

4. Financial records involving disbursement of ASSU-allocated money must remain available to the public in accordance with the ASSU's freedom of information policy. The Financial Manager or his or her designate may develop procedures to administer this access, but they must have the following attributes: a) all funded records except those which could reasonable be expected to result in personal persecution of those involved must be available to members of the public requesting the opportunity to peruse or photocopy them, b) requests for records must be honored within five days of receipt of the request, c) if photocopying is done through some standard procedure by the Financial Manager's office, the cost charged for this service may not exceed 10 cents per page, d) no other charges may be assessed individuals requesting information, e) the integrity of records must be preserved, f) requests must remain confidential (i.e., between organizational treasurer, Financial Manager, and party seeking access), and g) no requester may be required to indicate the rationale behind a particular request.

E. Executive Responsibility

1. Responsibility for the actual management of a Service Project is lodged primarily in the Director of the project, and secondarily in the President.

2. If the position of Director of a Service Project is vacant, then the President shall appoint one of their members as an acting Director until a permanent replacement has been nominated and confirmed through the usual appointment process.

F. Meetings

1. At any meeting of a body of a Service Project, any or subdivision thereof, a quorum shall consist of a majority of the voting membership.

2. The Senate shall be notified of all meetings of a body of a Service Project, or any subdivision thereof, and members of the Senate shall be allowed to attend all such meetings.

G. Nullification

A. Charge

1. In this section the Program Board shall be referred to as "the Board."

2. The Board shall be a funding Board, recommending to the Senate allocations of funds from the Program Board General Fee.

3. The statement of purpose of the Program Board General Fee is "To fund the basic operating and programming expenses of student organizations, except for organizations receiving Special Fees and publications.".

4. The statement of purpose of the Community Service General Fee is "To fund the basic operating and programming expenses of community service programs of voluntary student organizations, except for organizations receiving Special Fees and publications.".

B. Composition of the Board

1. Six members of the Association

a. They shall not, during their term of membership on the Board, serve as elected officers of the Association.

b. Shall be nominated by the Nominations Commission and approved by the Senate during Spring quarter.

c. Shall serve on the Board as ex-officio members during the Spring quarter.

d. Shall serve on the Board during the following Summer, Autumn, Winter, and Spring quarters, or until their successors have been chosen.

e. May be removed by a two-thirds vote of the Senate upon either the recommendation of the Board or the joint recommendation of the Director and the President. At least forty-eight hours written notice must be given to the member in question, and he/she shall be given an opportunity to speak before the Senate.

f. Although members must conduct their business in accordance with relevant provisions of the Constitution, these By-Laws, Acts of the Senate, the Rules of Order of the Board, and the Standing Rules of the Board, a member shall not be removed for political reasons.

g. If a vacancy occurs due to the death, resignation, or removal of a member on the Board, then the Nominations Committee shall nominate a replacement for Senate approval.

2. The Director shall serve on the Board and act as its Chair. The Deputy Director shall serve on the Board.

3. One member of the Senate Appropriations Committee, the Chair of the Senate, and the President shall serve as ex-officio members on the Board.

4. No officer of a student organization receiving funds from the Board shall vote on an allocation of funds to that organization.

C. Officers

1. Director

a. Shall not, while Director, serve as an elected officer of the Association.

b. Shall not, at the time of nomination and throughout his/her term of office, serve as an officer of a student organization applying for or receiving funds from the Board.

c. Shall be nominated by a Service Project Officer's Selection Committee, as specified in these By-Laws.

d. Shall be nominated in the Winter quarter and confirmed by a two-thirds vote of the Board and of the Senate.

e. Shall serve as an ex-officio member on the Board during the Spring quarter.

f. Shall serve during the following Summer, Autumn, Winter, and Spring quarters, or until a successor has been chosen.

g. May be removed by a two-thirds vote of the Board or of the Senate, or by the President with the consent of the Senate Appropriations Committee. At least forty-eight hours written notice of removal must be given to the him/her. The Director may not be removed for political reasons.

h. If a vacancy occurs due to the death, resignation, or removal of the Director, then the Board Director's Selection Committee shall nominate a replacement for Board and Senate approval, such an approval in each case being by a two-thirds vote.

i. Shall act as the Treasurer of the Board.

j. Shall assure the enforcement of the Constitution, these By-Laws, Acts of the Senate, the Rules of Order of the Board, and the Standing Rules of the Board.

k. Shall be the primary spokesperson for the Board.

l. Shall set the agenda of, call, and preside over all meetings of the Board, and shall vote only in those cases where the vote would be decisive.

2. Deputy Director

a. May be a member of the Board, but shall not, while Deputy Director, serve as an elected officer of the Association.

b. Shall not, at the time of nomination and throughout term of office, serve as an officer of a student organization applying for or receiving funds from the Board.

c. Shall be nominated by a Service Project Officer's Selection Committee, as specified in these By-Laws.

d. Shall be nominated in the Winter quarter and confirmed by a two-thirds vote of the Board and of the Senate.

e. Shall serve as an ex-officio member on the Board during the Spring quarter.

f. Shall serve during the following Summer, Autumn, Winter, and Spring quarters, or until a successor has been chosen.

g. May be removed by a two-thirds vote of the Board or of the Senate, or by the President with the consent of the Senate Appropriations Committee, or by the Director with the consent of the President. At least forty-eight hours written notice of removal must be given to the him/her. The Deputy Director may not be removed for political reasons.

h. If a vacancy occurs due to the death, resignation, or removal of the Deputy Director, then the Deputy Director's Selection Committee shall nominate a replacement for Board and Senate approval, such an approval in each case being by a two-thirds vote.

i. Shall perform the duties of the Director in the absence of the Director.

j. Shall assist the Director in performing the duties of Dircetor and shall fulfill such other responsibilities as are assigned by the Director.

k. Shall be without a vote in the Board, unless the Deputy Director is also an appointed member of the Board. When performing the duties of Director (in the absenceof the Director) the Deputy Director shall vote only in those cases where the vote would be decisive.

3. Budget Counselor

a. Shall not, during his or her term of office, serve as a member of the Board or an elected officer of the Association.

b. Shall not, at the time of nomination and throughout his/her term of office, serve as an officer of a student organization applying for or receiving funds from the Board.

c. Shall be nominated by a Service Project Officer's Selection Committee, as specified in these By-Laws.

d. Shall be nominated in the Winter quarter and confirmed by a two-thirds vote of the Board and of the Senate.

e. Shall take office at the end of Spring quarter and shall serve during the following Summer, Autumn, Winter, and Spring quarters, or until a successor has taken office.

f. May be removed by a two-thirds vote of the Board or of the Senate, or by the President. At least forty-eight hours' written notice must be given to him/her.

g. Shall advise student organizations regarding the preparation of their budget requests, the allocations process followed by the Program Board and the Senate, the budgetary practices required by the Program Board and the Senate, and the funding policies and guidelines followed by the Program Board and the Senate, and shall hold sufficient office hours on a regular basis to accomplish this task.

h. May attend meetings of the Program Board, subject to the consent of the Board, but shall speak during such meetings only for the purpose of answering questions from members of the Board, and without advocating or opposing any particular decision by the Board.

i. Shall meet with the Board Director and the Chair of the Appropriations Committee on a regular basis, to inform them of the status of budgets currently in preparation by student organizations, and to be informed of current Board and Senate funding guidelines and policies.

4. Officers may be compensated in the amount and manner specified in the budget of the Board.

D. Budget

1. All disbursements shall be made in accordance with the authorized budget of the Board. This budget shall consist of the operating budget of the Board, the allocations from the Annual funds, and the amount of the Discretionary fund to be used for discretionary allocations from each General Fee.

2. The operating budget of the Board shall be used for basic operating expenses of the Board, including, but not limited to, office expenses, indirect cost recovery charges, compensation to Board members, and publicity.

3. The Annual funds shall be used for the basic operating and programming expenses of client student organizations. All allocations from the Annual funds for a given fiscal year shall be approved the previous fiscal year.

4. The Discretionary funds shall be used for the basic operating and programming expenses of clientele student organizations, with the needs of new (established during the current fiscal year) organizations receiving preferential treatment. All allocations from the Discretionary funds for a given fiscal year shall be made and approved during that fiscal year. At least thirty-five per cent of the Board's budget must be allocated to this fund.

E. Allocations

1. Only a student organization (which shall be defined in this Paragraph to include an agency of the Association) may receive an allocation of Board funds. A student organization may receive such an allocation only if it is not receiving funds from another Board or any Special Fee, and it is in compliance with all relevant organizational and financial requirements specified in the Constitution, these By-Laws, and Acts of the Senate. Only one allocation per student organization per General Fee may be effective at any given time.

2. An allocation recommendation shall specify the amount of Board funding recommended (which may be zero); the event, activity, project, or program for which these funds are intended; the specific expenses for which these funds are intended; the full and complete current authorized budget of the student organization (which must be balanced); the full and complete new authorized budget of the student organization which incorporates these funds (which must be balanced); and a time limit during which the funds must be spent. Unless otherwise stated, the default time limit for one quarter discretionary allocations shall be the end of the quarter of Senate approval of the allocation; for multi-quarter discretionary allocations it shall be the end of the last quarter for which the allocation is intended; and for annual allocations from the Annual funds it shall be the end of the fiscal year following Senate approval.

3. Board Funding Guidelines

a. At the beginning of each fiscal year the Board shall approve supplemental funding guidelines, specifying for specific types of expenses both their validity and relative priority, and shall schedule all deadlines for the submission of funding applications throughout the fiscal year, unless the Senate has done so already. These shall be adopted as part of the Standing Rules of the Board, provided that such initial adoption at the beginning of each fiscal year shall not require previous notice. No allocation recommendation shall be made by the Board until this has been completed.

b. During Winter quarter the Board shall adopt supplemental funding guidelines as necessary to facilitate the review of applications for annual allocations from the Annual fund for the following fiscal year. These shall be adopted as part of the Standing Rules of the Board, provided that such initial adoption each Winter quarter shall not require previous notice. No allocation recommendations shall be made by the Board until this has been completed.

4. Meetings of the Board

a. The Director shall schedule all meetings so as to provide for the fair and speedy transaction of business on behalf of student organizations applying for funds, the Board, the Senate Appropriations committee, and the Senate. The Director shall coordinate all meeting times with the other Boards, the Senate Appropriations committee, and the Senate Chair.

b. The Board shall meet at least monthly during the Autumn, Winter, and Spring quarters.

c. Proper notification of a meeting of the Board requires written notification to all members, both voting and ex-officio, of the meeting time and place at least 48 hours before the meeting. This requirement may be waived only by the unanimous consent of all of the members of the Board.

d. Allocation recommendations may only be made at a properly called meeting of the Board. This requirement may be waived only by the unanimous consent of all of the members of the Board.

5. Student organizations applying for funds shall submit applications specifying the amount of funding requested; the event, activity, project, or program for which these funds are intended; descriptions of these events, activities, projects, and/or programs; the specific expenses for which these funds are intended; the full and complete current authorized budget of the student organization (which must be balanced); the full and complete new budget of the student organization which incorporates these funds (which must be balanced); and any other information requested by the Board, the Senate Appropriations committee, or the Senate.

6. Examination of Financial Records

a. Upon submission of this application the student organization grants to the Board and the Senate complete authority to examine their financial records throughout the application process and, if funds are allocated, throughout the time limit for which this allocation is valid. The student organization shall be notified of this fact when filing an application by an appropriate written notice.

b. The Financial Manager shall supervise and assist the members of the Board and the Senate Appropriations committee in performing these examinations. Specifically, the Financial Manager shall be authorized to make and enforce rules of administration to ensure the integrity of the Students Organizations Fund records. All requests for information shall be directed to the Financial Manager or authorized designee.

c. Access to financial records of ASSU-funded organizations must be available as required by the ASSU's freedom of information policy.

7. Student organizations applying to the Board for funds shall be interviewed by the Board. This interview must be conducted by at least two voting members of the Board. The individual representing the student organization at the interview shall not be a member of the Board. The Board shall originate an allocation recommendation for each student organization interviewed (the amount of Board funding recommended may be zero). The Board shall not originate a recommendation for a student organization which has not been interviewed.

8. The Senate Appropriations committee shall consider all of the allocation recommendations which originated with the Board. The committee shall report all of these recommendations, as modified by the committee, to the Senate for its consideration.

9. Allocation recommendations shall not originate in the Senate Appropriations committee unless they are either 1) for agencies of the Association, or 2) for student organizations which are not agencies of the Association, provided that the circumstances are extraordinary and the amount of funds allocated to the student organization is not in excess of $300.00. All such recommendations shall be reported to the Senate for its consideration, but they shall require approval by two-thirds of the Senate.

10. The Senate shall accept, reject, or modify the allocation recommendations reported by the Senate Appropriations committee. Allocations require a two-thirds vote of the Senate.

11. Only upon Senate approval may funds be distributed. Upon Senate approval the conditions stated in the allocation recommendation shall be considered binding upon the student organization receiving the allocation, and their violation shall result in the halt of disbursements of any or all Association funds to that organization.

12. No allocation recommendations may originate in the Senate.

13. The Senate may subsequently modify an allocation by a two-thirds vote, subject to any legally binding contracts the student organization may have entered into under the authority of the original allocation. These modifications shall usually be conducted after the same review accorded to original allocations.

14. Computation of Maximum Demonstrated Financial Need from the Program Board and Community Service Board Fees

a. All income of a student organization shall be considered unrestricted income unless either:

i. The agency granting funds to the student organization restricts their use to specific expenses. A written agreement with the agency to this effect must be presented to the Board. Funds originally derived from a Special Fee may be restricted with the consent of the Senate.

ii. The funds are internally generated by the student organization, through either dues, admissions, donations, or retail sales. In this case the governing body of the student organization may restrict the use of these funds to specific expenses, provided that these include all expenses incurred in the process of raising these funds. A written statement by the governing body of the student organization to this effect must be presented to the Board.

b. All expenses of a student organization shall be considered valid expenses unless they are payments for:

i. Food, unless it constitutes an integral and small part of an event.

ii. Travel for members of the Association.

iii. Publications, unless the publication is an incidental organizational expense (such as a newsletter) or primarily a vehicle for event publicity.

iv. Services contracted for or debts incurred before approval of the allocation by the Senate, unless they were incurred either:

v. At the beginning of the fiscal year before the first opportunity to apply for funds, the application for funds was made at that first opportunity, and the organization informed the Director in writing at least one week before the expenses were incurred.

vi. For allocations not in excess of $300, after the Senate Appropriations Committee has reported out the proposed allocation with a positive recommendation according to the procedures specified in subsection 8 or 9 of this paragraph. Such a positive recommendation shall not be construed as a guarantee of eventual Senate approval of the proposed allocation, and any expenditure of funds prior to such final approval shall be solely at the risk of the student organization concerned.

vii. Any other categories of expenses as specified in the Standing Rules of the Board.

c. Income which is not unrestricted shall be termed restricted; expenses which are not valid shall be termed invalid. No Association funds may be allocated for invalid expenses.

d. The maximum demonstrated financial need of a student organization shall be the difference between that organization's valid expenses that cannot be paid for by restricted funds and their unrestricted income.

15. Recommended Funding

a. No allocation shall be recommended or approved by the Board, the Senate Appropriations committee, or the Senate which is in excess of a student organization's maximum demonstrated financial need.

b. Should the amount of Board funding in an allocation recommendation be less than the maximum demonstrated financial need of the student organization, then the recommendation shall contain a new full and complete authorized budget for the student organization (which shall be balanced), and shall be accompanied by a written explanation from the Board director. This budget shall normally be developed by the Board and the authorized representative(s) of the student organization, and must be accepted by the student organization before Association funds are disbursed.

16. In making allocation recommendations from the Program Board General Fee, the following guidelines shall be used, in addition to those specified elsewhere in the Constitution, these By-Laws, Acts of the Senate, and the Standing Rules of the Board.

a. Allocations of Board funds should be used primarily to pay for events, activities, projects, or programs which confer widespread benefits upon the student body which are impossible or extremely difficult to recover through user fees (admissions, donations, etc...), or where it would be inefficient to do so because the costs of the events, activities, projects, or programs are relatively fixed regardless of the number of persons participating.

b. Duplication of organizations and their activities shall be kept to a minimum.

c. Absolute and relative cost per person involved in the student organization (for organizational expenses) or participating in an activity (for programming expenses), when weighted by the intensity of that involvement, shall be kept as low as possible.

d. Higher relative priority shall be given student organizations and their activities that enrich the academic environment.

e. Higher relative priority shall be given activities which are open to, and are of interest to, the general student body.

f. Food expenses, where valid, shall be given a low relative priority.

17. Before funds are transferred to the account of the student organization, the Director shall present, in writing, the specifics of the allocation as approved by the Senate to the Treasurer of the student organization. No funds shall be transferred until the Treasurer has accepted, in writing, these specifications. The Treasurer shall be responsible for keeping track of expenses as they are incurred and for ensuring that the specific conditions of the allocation are followed.

18. Transfer of Funds

a. Following Senate approval of an allocation and the acceptance of the specific conditions of the allocation by the Treasurer of the student organization, funds shall be transferred by the Director from the accounts of the Board to the account of the student organization in a timely manner, provided that all of the requirements specified in the Constitution, these By-Laws, Acts of the Senate, and the allocation recommendation have been met.

b. Unless otherwise specified in the allocation recommendations, funds shall be transferred within two weeks after Senate approval or at the beginning of each quarter for which the allocation is authorized (whichever is the latter) for discretionary allocations, and at the beginning of each quarter for which the allocation is authorized for annual allocations from the Annual funds, provided that all of the requirements specified in subparagraph a. above have been met.

19. Treasurer's Report

a. The Treasurer of the student organization receiving Board funds shall report to the Director on the organization's income, expenditures, and general financial condition either within two weeks after the end of the specified period for which the single quarter discretionary allocation was authorized, or quarterly during the period for which the multi-quarter discretionary allocation or annual allocation from the Annual fund was authorized.

b. The Treasurer's Report shall specify the status of the funds, specifically what funds had been expended for what purposes. The record of expenditures shall indicate exact expenses whenever possible (supported by appropriate documentation); otherwise it shall provide estimates of the expenses which are as precise as possible. If, at the end of the specified period for which the allocation was made, any approved expenses were not incurred, then the Director shall transfer the funds allocated for these expenses from the account of the student organization to the accounts of the Board, and they shall be available for reallocation through the normal allocations process.

c. If the Director and the Financial Manager determine that a report cannot be made at the specified time, through no fault of the Treasurer or the student organization, then he/she may grant an extension of up to three additional weeks, but no additional Association funds shall be transferred to the account of the student organization by any Association agency until a report is made.

20. Unless specifically agreed to otherwise by the Senate, title to all tangible property purchased by a student organization in whole or in part through the use of Association funds shall vest with the Association, and possession shall devolve upon the Association in the event of dissolution of the organization. A student organization shall be considered dissolved upon receipt of a declaration of dissolution by its membership, failure to register as a student organization for 15 months, or the passage of a declaration of dissolution by two-thirds of the Senate after reasonable efforts were made to contact the last known officers of the student organization.

21. All allocation recommendations made by the Board shall be published by the Board in the Stanford Daily in a display ad at least 48 hours before consideration by the Senate; however, this requirement may be waived by a vote of two-thirds of the membership of the Senate. All allocation recommendations approved by the Senate shall be published by the Board in the Stanford Daily in a display ad within one week after they are approved.

22. The Association shall be credited as a co-sponsor in all publicity for an event for which an allocation is made for at least one-third of the expenses, and for all activities of a student organization for which an allocation is made covering at least one-third of its operating expenses. Deliberate or repeated failure to so credit the Association shall halt the disbursement of all Association funds to that student organization.

Section 3: Publications Board

A. Charge

1. In this section the Publications Board shall be referred to as "the Board," and the Finance Committee of the Board shall be referred to as "the Finance Committee."

2. The Board shall be a membership Board, and its Finance Committee shall recommend to the Senate allocations of funds from the Publications Board General Fee.

3. The Board shall coordinate and represent the interests of all student publications.

4. The Board shall work to develop current publications and assist new publications.

5. The Board shall serve as an information source through which student publications can share experiences and knowledge.

6. The Board shall oversee the business conduct of student publications and take disciplinary action (including suspension and expulsion) as it sees fit in order to protect the reputation and operations of its members.

7. The statement of purpose of the Publications Board General Fee is "To fund the basic operating and publishing expenses of student publications that do not receive Special Fees."

B. Policies of the Publications Board

1. The Senate Chair may submit proposed changes to the Director of the Publications Board. Such changes shall require approval of two-thirds of the Publications Board and a majority of the Senate.

2. The Senate may amend the Policies of the Publications Board by a two-thirds vote, provided that consultation with the Publications Board has occurred.

Section 4: Legal Counseling Office Policy Board

A. Access to Information

1. In this section the Legal Counseling Office Policy Board shall be referred to as "the Policy Board."

2. In this section the Legal Counseling Office shall be referred to as "the Office."

3. The Policy Board shall govern the functioning of the Office.

C. Composition of the Policy Board

1. One member of the Association

a. Shall be neither an elected officer of the Association nor a law student.

b. Shall be nominated by the Nominations Commission and approved by the Senate during Spring quarter.

c. If a vacancy occurs due to the death, resignation, or removal of the member on the Policy Board, then the Nominations Commission shall nominate a replacement for Senate approval.

2. One member of the Association

a. Shall not be an elected officer of the Association and shall be a law student.

b. Shall be nominated by the President of the Law School Legal Aid Society and approved by the Senate during Spring quarter.

c. If a vacancy occurs due to the death, resignation, or removal of the member on the Policy Board, then the President of the Law School Legal Aid Society shall nominate a replacement for Senate approval.

3. The President, who shall Chair the Policy Board. In the absence of the President, then the Senate Chair shall chair the Policy Board.

4. One member of the Palo Alto Bar Association appointed by the President of the Palo Alto Bar Association.

5. One Law School faculty or staff member appointed by the Dean of the Law School.

6. One member of the Senate, the Chair of the Senate, a representative of the Dean of Student Affairs Office, the Financial Manager or a representative of his or her office, and the Legal Counseling Office attorney shall serve as ex-officio members on the Policy Board, except that the Legal Counseling Office attorney shall not be present in matters relating to his/her firing or replacement except as the Policy Board shall provide.

D. Term of Office

1. All newly appointed members shall serve on the Policy Board as ex-officio members during the Spring quarter.

2. Members shall serve on the Policy Board during the Summer, Autumn, Winter, and Spring quarters following their appointment.

3. A member may be removed by the agency appointing him/her.

4. A member may be removed by a two-thirds vote of the Senate upon either the recommendation of the Policy Board or the President. At least 48 hours written notice must be given to the member in question, and he/she shall be given an opportunity to speak before the Senate.

5. A member on the Policy Board shall not be removed for political reasons.

E. Officers

1. Chair

a. Shall insure the enforcement of the Constitution, these By-Laws, Acts of the Senate, and the Rules of Order and Standing Rules of the Policy Board.

b. Shall be the primary spokesperson for the Policy Board.

c. Shall set the agenda of, call, and preside over all meetings of the Policy Board, and shall vote only in those cases where the vote would be decisive.

2. Deputy Chair

a. Shall be a member of the Policy Board nominated by the Chair and confirmed by the Policy Board.

b. May be removed by the Chair with the consent of the Policy Board.

c. Shall assist the Chair in performing his/her duties.

d. Shall perform the duties of the Chair in his/her absence.

F. Meetings of the Policy Board

1. The Policy Board shall meet at least quarterly during the academic year.

2. Proper notification of a meeting of the Policy Board requires written notification to all members of the meeting time and place at least 48 hours before the meeting.

G. Budget of the Office

1. All disbursements shall be made in accordance with the budget of the Office as approved by the Policy Board.

2. The Office may solicit funds from any source, except from the unrestricted funds of the Association (endowment, interest income, Business Project profit, indirect cost recovery charges), subject to the guidelines of the Association and the University. However, no funds may be accepted and used by the Office unless mention of them is made in the budget of the Office.

3. The Policy Board shall approve the salaries of all staff members of the Office, including that of the attorneys.

H. Office Manager

1. The Office Manager shall be nominated by the Office Manager Selection Committee, which shall consist of the President (who shall chair the committee), one Senator, the attorney or a representative of the law firm staffing the Office; and the Administrative Manager and current Office Manager, who shall be ex-officio members of the committee.

2. The Office Manager shall be confirmed by a two-thirds vote of the Policy Board.

3. The Office Manager shall serve until his/her resignation or removal by a two-thirds vote of the Policy Board.

I. Duties of the Policy Board

1. Shall select the attorney or law firm to staff the Office and set the pay and hours of the attorney.

2. Shall promulgate and review from time to time both the policy guidelines and the clients the Office will handle.

3. Shall review the operations of the Office.

4. In no case shall the Senate interfere in the day-to-day operations of the Office or violate any of the ethical guidelines for attorneys.

J. Grievance Procedure

1. The Chair shall receive all complaints concerning the Office.

2. The Chair shall convene a meeting of the Grievance Subcommittee of the Policy Board, composed of the three student members of the Policy Board, to consider those grievances the Chair deems require immediate action, as follows:

a. The subcommittee shall report disposition of each grievance reported to it to the Policy Board for ratification or disapproval at each regular meeting of the Policy Board.

b. The Chair shall report all other Grievances to the Policy Board.

c. The decision of the Policy Board shall be conclusive unless shown to have been obviously contrary to the Policy Board's guidelines.

3. All reports shall maintain the confidentiality of the client except when the client wishes otherwise.

Section 5: Speakers Bureau

A. Charge

1. In this section the Speakers Bureau shall be referred to as "the Bureau."

2. The Bureau shall be an operating agency of the Association with the sole authority to invite, on behalf of the student body, individuals to speak at Stanford.

3. Speakers shall be selected so as to promote an intellectual, political, social and cultural awareness of differing viewpoints in the Stanford Community. On controversial issues every attempt shall be made to provide a balanced presentation of speakers to the community.

B. Composition of the Core Committee

1. Two to Four members of the Association

a. They shall not be elected officers of the Association.

b. Absolute priority shall be given to current members of the Core Committee.

c. They shall be nominated by the Director, in consultation with the old Director, and approved by the Senate during Spring quarter.

d. They shall serve on the Core Committee as ex-officio members during the Spring quarter.

e. They shall serve on the Core Committee during the following Summer, Autumn, Winter, and Spring quarters, or until their successors have been chosen.

f. A member may be removed by the Senate, or by joint action of the Director and the President. At least 48 hours written notice must be given to the member in question, and he/she shall be given an opportunity to speak in his/her defense.

g. If a vacancy occurs due to the death, resignation, or removal of a member on the Core Committee, then the Director shall nominate a replacement for Senate approval.

2. Two to Four members of the Association

a. They shall not be elected officers of the Association.

b. Absolute priority shall be given to individuals who are not current members of the Core Committee.

c. They shall be nominated by the Director, in consultation with the old Director, and approved by the Senate during Spring quarter.

d. They shall serve on the Core Committee as ex-officio members during the Spring quarter.

e. They shall serve on the Core Committee during the following Summer, Autumn, Winter, and Spring quarters, or until their successors have been chosen.

f. A member may be removed by the Senate, or by joint action of the Director and the President. At least 48 hours written notice must be given to the member in question, and he/she shall be given an opportunity to speak in his/her defense.

g. If a vacancy occurs due to the death, resignation, or removal of a member on the Core Committee, then the Director shall nominate a replacement for Senate approval.

3. The Director shall serve on the Core Committee and act as its Chair.

4. One Senator, the Chair of the Senate, and the President shall serve as ex-officio members on the Core Committee.

C. Officers

1. Director

a. Shall not be an elected officer of the Association.

b. Shall be nominated by a Service Project Officer's Selection Committee, as specified in these By-Laws.

c. Shall be confirmed in Spring Quarter by a two-thirds vote of the Senate.

d. Shall serve as an ex-officio member on the Core Committee during the Spring quarter.

e. Shall serve during the following Summer, Autumn, Winter, and Spring quarters, or until his/her successor has been chosen.

f. May be removed by a two-thirds vote of the Senate or by the President. At least 48 hours written notice of his/her removal must be given to the him/her.

g. If a vacancy occurs due to the death, resignation, or removal of the Director, then the Bureau Director's Selection Committee shall nominate a replacement for Senate approval, such an approval being by a two-thirds vote.

h. Shall insure the enforcement of the Constitution, these By-Laws, Acts of the Senate, and the Rules of Order and Standing Rules of the Bureau.

i. Shall be the primary spokesperson for the Bureau.

j. Shall set the agenda of, call, and preside over all meetings of the Core Committee, and shall vote only in those cases where the vote would be decisive.

k. Shall report to the Senate on the programming goals and plans of the Bureau following his/her selection (but no later than the eighth week of Spring quarter), and again at the beginning of Autumn quarter.

2. Business Manager

a. Shall be a member of the Core Committee nominated by the Director and confirmed by the Core Committee.

b. May be removed by the Director with the consent of the Core Committee.

c. Shall assist the Director in performing his/her duties.

d. Shall perform the duties of the Director in his/her absence.

e. Shall act as the Treasurer of the Bureau.

f. Shall prepare periodic financial statements for the Core Committee.

3. Officers shall be compensated in the amount and manner specified in the budget of the Bureau.

D. Meetings of the Core Committee

1. The Core Committee shall meet at least twice a month during the academic year.

2. Proper notification of a meeting of the Core Committee requires written notification to all members of the meeting time and place at least 24 hours before the meeting.

E. Budget

1. All disbursements shall be made in accordance with the budget of the Bureau as approved by the Core Committee and the Senate. This budget shall consist of the operating budget of the Bureau and speakership discretionary funds.

2. The operating budget of the Bureau shall be used for basic operating expenses of the Bureau, including, but not limited to, indirect cost recovery charges, compensation to Bureau members, publicity, and payments to individuals/organizations for work done assisting the Bureau in the development of speaking programs.

3. The speakers discretionary fund shall be allocated to specific programs and/or types of speaking expenses. This allocation shall be approved by the Core Committee and by the Senate. Specific speaking events shall be funded in accordance with this budget upon the approval of the Core Committee.

4. The Bureau may solicit funds from any source, except from the unrestricted funds of the Association (endowment, interest income, Business Project profit, indirect cost recovery charges), subject to the guidelines of the Association and the University. However, no funds may be accepted and used by the Bureau unless mention of them is made in the budget of the Bureau.

5. No disbursements shall be made by the Bureau to individuals/organizations for speakers and speaking events not developed and sponsored by the Bureau.

6. If an honorarium of $1000 or more is to be paid to a speaker, the Director shall notify the Chair of the Senate who shall inform the Senate. No payment shall be made to, and no contract shall be signed with, any speaker whose total compensation would exceed $5000 without the prior approval of the Senate. A proposal to approve total compensation of more than $5000 must also be accompanied by documentation showing that the speaker has received an honorarium in excess of this amount from at least one other source, unless this requirement is waived by the Senate.

7. All events organized or financed (in whole or in part) by the Bureau shall be open to all members of the Association without charge, except with prior approval of the Steering Committee of the Senate and the President, or of the Senate.

8. All events organized or financed (in whole or in part) by the Bureau shall be open to all members of the Association. Those members who request a fee refund from the Speakers Bureau may be charged an admission fee.

A. Purpose

1. The ASSU Financial Aid Awareness Office shall provide the Association and its members with opportunities for advocating improved financial aid funding at the state and federal governments and at the University, and any other level.

2. The ASSU Financial Aid Awareness Office shall serve as a link between Stanford students and the federal and state governments and the University through participation in state or national student networks, and liaison with Stanford administration, Stanford Financial Aids Office, legislators' offices, and any other relevant bodies to keep abreast of and research financial aid issues.

3. The ASSU Financial Aid Awareness Office shall serve as an information resource to students on financial aid issues, which may include peer financial aid counseling with appropriate training.

B. Membership

1. All members of the Association are eligible to participate in activities of the Financial Aid Awareness Office.

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C. Organization

1. The Financial Aid Awareness Office shall be administered by a Director.

a. The Director of the Financial Aid Awareness Office shall be responsible for serving as overall coordinator of the activities of the Office. The Director shall also be responsible for reporting the activities of the Office to the Senate.

b. The Director shall hire or recruit his/her staff.

c. The Director shall be responsible for training his/her successor.

2. Appointment and Term of the Director.

a. The Director shall be a member of the Association.

b. The Director shall be nominated by a Service Project Officer's Selection Committee, as specified in Article VIII, Section 1, of these By*Laws.

c. The Director shall be confirmed in Spring Quarter by a majority vote of the Senate.

d. The Director shall serve the following Summer, Autumn, Winter, and Spring quarters, or until his/her successor has been chosen.

e. The Director may be removed by a two-thirds vote of the Senate. The Director must be notified in writing of the intent to introduce such a motion not less than forty*eight hours prior to the opening of the Senate meeting at which the motion will be considered, and must be given an opportunity to speak in opposition to the motion at that meeting.

f. The Director may be paid a salary if so specified in the Financial Aid Awareness Office Budget.

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D. Responsibilities

1. The Financial Aid Awareness Office is responsible for providing the necessary information to allow the ASSU Senate, the COP, student groups and other concerned students to lobby on behalf of financial aid issues.

2. The Financial Aid Awareness Office is responsible for formulating advocacy strategies and priorities on financial aid issues in conjunction with the ASSU Senate, the COP, student groups and other concerned students.

3. The Financial Aid Awareness Office shall report to the Senate at least twice a quarter.

4. The Financial Aid Awareness Office shall be responsible for providing information and education to students about financial aid issues through avenues such as newsletters and open forums.

5. The Financial Aid Awareness Office shall be responsible for collecting student opinion with regard to financial aid issues from all parts of the diverse student population through mechanisms of its choosing such as polls, surveys, consultations, etc. This does not preclude the office from obtaining student input through mechanisms established by other agencies of the Association.

6. The Financial Aid Awareness Office shall facilitate student involvement of members of the Association in participating in financial aid related campaigns by training students in campaign techniques, and maintaining correspondence with relevant lobby and student organizations, legislators, administrations and other relevant bodies.

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E. Budget

1. The budget of the Financial Aid Awareness Office shall be approved by the Director and the Senate. This budget shall consist of an operating budget and discretionary funds.

2. The operating budget shall be used for basic operating expenses of the Office, including, but not limited to, indirect cost recovery charges, compensation to Office members, and publicity.

3. Discretionary fund allocations shall be approved by the Director.

4. The Office may solicit funds from any source subject to the guidelines of the Association and University.

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Article IX: Judicial Council